Meta-Aggregators of the Crimson Hexagon
How authorship is made and named: a meta-aggregator
A census of how authorship is made, named, distributed, attributed and sustained: works and practices made with generative models, records of the writing process, attribution and identity infrastructure, reception research on how readers judge a stated or supposed author, theories of authorship under AI, heteronymous and experimental archives, and the law and policy that draw authorship's boundary. Each resource is read from its own pages, and each states what it is to this census: a direct case, a theoretical interlocutor, an empirical comparator, a historical lineage, infrastructure, a counterposition or a peripheral comparator. Every field is quoted from a saved copy of the resource's own pages, with the date read and a hash of the copy. Compiled 2026-11-01; editor Lee Sharks.
The census asks of each resource: How is authorship made, named, distributed, attributed and sustained across persons, personas, collectives and machine participation, and what is lost when those relations are collapsed?
The question comes from EA-HETERONYMY-01 v0.2: Heteronymy as Ethical Operation Against Civil-Name Reduction (AXN:03B8, #940), which separates a distinct authorial function from the civil bearer who keeps custody and legal responsibility, and from AI Calls You Fake: The Existence Tax on Real People and Real Work (AXN:0B2A, #1722), on the existence tax laid on real people and real work. A census that kept only names would miss most of that: how a function is constituted, how contributions are assigned, and how a work goes on through other composing agents. Revised 2026-11-01 on the operator's ruling, adopting an outside selection review. The full entity pages wait for each resource's /non article.
Its sibling census, on how literature reaches a receiving apparatus and what that apparatus makes from it, is the Training-Layer Literature meta-aggregator; the family's other censuses are Labor Vector (labor and AI) and Mary Lee Labor (left politics and labor). The rest of the apparatus wing holds the archive's own provenance, rights and captures.
Direct cases
Arquivo Pessoa
online edition of Fernando Pessoa's published work (Obra Édita), with a facsimile section and information pages; its home page line: 'Expedições livres para amantes e estudiosos' · Obra Aberta CRL (edition, 2008); conception and direction by Leonor Areal; partners the Instituto de Estudos sobre o Modernismo (FCSH, UNL, Lisboa) and Assírio&Alvim; development by José Cerqueira Esteves / Arte Numérica and João Miguel Neves / Intraneia
direct caseHeteronymy, persona and pseudonymous authorshipactive
Authorial function and responsibility: divided among the names the texts bear: the index heads them 'Ortónimo, pseudónimos e heterónimos de Fernando Pessoa' and keeps joint attributions as joint ('Álvaro de Campos e Ricardo Reis', 'Wardour + Pessoa'); the audio gives Reis, Caeiro, Campos and the orthonym each a reader; the whole is named 'Obra de Fernando Pessoa'; responsibility for the edition is credited by role (conception and direction, edition, text revision, development, audio recording)
Empirical comparators
Wordcraft Writers Workshop
in its own words, 'a collaboration between Google's PAIR and Magenta teams, and 13 professional writers'; a published story collection, a project site and a whitepaper · Google Research: the PAIR and Magenta teams; conducted by Andy Coenen and Ann Yuan (PAIR), Daphne Ippolito (Brain Research, working with Magenta) and Sehmon Burnam (Magenta)
empirical comparatorMachine participation in authorshipAttribution, credit and identity infrastructurehistorical
Authorial function and responsibility: the site states the writers 'have used Wordcraft along with their own creative vision and have not authored these stories under any sort of explicit guidance'; the paper records the share of generated text by writer: some made stories 'largely formed around generated text (AP, DH, JM, MT, AW)', for others 'the bulk of the story text was written by the authors themselves (KL, WT, NG)', and one siloed generated text into set sections (RS); the per-sentence division is not published
CoAuthor
in the paper's words, 'a dataset designed for revealing GPT-3's capabilities in assisting creative and argumentative writing', with an interface for replaying the writing sessions · Mina Lee, Percy Liang and Qian Yang, authors of the paper that presents the dataset (CHI 2022); the dataset's home page could not be read
empirical comparatorMachine participation in authorshipAttribution, credit and identity infrastructurehistorical
Authorial function and responsibility: the paper frames GPT-3's part as a contribution 'as a writing "collaborator" under various definitions of good collaboration', read from recorded interactions; how authorship of a session's text is assigned is not recorded in the saved source
Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants (In2Writing)
a workshop series (an ACL Anthology venue) whose proceedings volumes gather peer papers on intelligent and interactive writing assistants · the workshop's editors, named per volume (2022: Ting-Hao 'Kenneth' Huang, Vipul Raheja, Dongyeop Kang, John Joon Young Chung, Daniel Gissin, Mina Lee, Katy Ilonka Gero; 2025: Vishakh Padmakumar, Katy Gero, Thiemo Wambsganss, Sarah Sterman, Ting-Hao Huang, David Zhou, John Chung); the proceedings are published by the Association for Computational Linguistics and held in the ACL Anthology, which is managed and built by a team of volunteers
empirical comparatorMachine participation in authorshipReception researchactive
Authorial function and responsibility: in the record, conventional paper authorship with editors per volume; in the papers held, authorial function under machine participation is a research subject: one 2025 paper concerns 'Control, Ownership, and Awareness in Human- AI Co-Writing', and a 2022 paper says data-to-text technology 'requires the author, asan act of writing, both to configure a systemthat then takes over the transformation into areal text'
PennSound
ongoing project committed to producing new audio recordings and preserving existing audio archives; Wikipedia (third party) calls it a poetry website and online archive of recordings of poets reading their own work · the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing, University of Pennsylvania; directors Charles Bernstein, Al Filreis and Chris Mustazza, editor Michael S. Hennessey
empirical comparatorAvant-garde and experimental archivesAttribution, credit and identity infrastructureactive
Authorial function and responsibility: authorship and performance credited apart: the author is named first and the performer after 'performed by' (Clare by Bernstein; Weiner with Mattlin and Kraut); a co-composer is credited for music and performance, 'included with permission'; the manifesto, per Wikipedia (third party), requires every file to be named and retrievable under the poet's name; responsibility for the rights of a recording is not stated
Infrastructure
Electronic Literature Lab (ELL)
a lab 'For Advanced Inquiry into Born Digital Literature', one of four media archaeology labs in the U.S. giving scholars access to obsolete digital works on appropriate equipment (its own words) · Washington State University Vancouver; directed by Dr. Dene Grigar, with an associate director, a project manager and a technical specialist named on the page
infrastructureAvant-garde and experimental archivesactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded: the page records the lab's preservation and access role and nothing of how the authorship of the works is attributed
ORCID
a nonproprietary persistent identifier, in the form of an alphanumeric code, to uniquely identify authors and contributors of scholarly communication, with a website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output (Wikipedia, third party) · ORCID, Inc., incorporated as an independent nonprofit organization in August 2010 in Delaware, with an international board of directors (Wikipedia, third party; ORCID's own support page was refused)
infrastructureAttribution, credit and identity infrastructureactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded as authorship: the iD resolves a contributor's identity across publications; the article records the contribution as the contributor's through the person's identifier and says nothing of how the authorial function or responsibility is constituted
ISNI (International Standard Name Identifier)
the ISO certified global standard number for identifying the millions of contributors to creative works and those active in their distribution (its own words); ISO 27729 · ISNI International Agency (ISNI-IA) Limited, registered c/o EDItEUR, London (company 07476425); per Wikipedia (third party) a UK not-for-profit company limited by guarantee founded by CISAC, CENL, IFRRO, IPDA, OCLC and ProQuest, with registration agencies appointed by it that deal with applicants
infrastructureAttribution, credit and identity infrastructureHeteronymy, persona and pseudonymous authorshipactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded as authorship: the identifier resolves name ambiguity and attributes works 'to its creator'; it records no authorial function, voice or responsibility distinct from the identity it identifies
Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)
an international authority file (Wikipedia, third party) · OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), operating a joint project of several national libraries; a service of OCLC since 4 April 2012 (Wikipedia, third party; viaf.org refused the fetch with http 403)
infrastructureAttribution, credit and identity infrastructureMeta-aggregationactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded: the file links records that are judged identical across data sets; Borgman, as Wikipedia quotes her, notes that VIAF is 'led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators'; nothing on authorial function or responsibility
Wikidata
a free, collaborative, multilingual, secondary knowledge base, collecting structured data (its own words); a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph (Wikipedia, third party) · hosted and owned by the Wikimedia Foundation and developed mainly by Wikimedia Deutschland (Wikipedia, third party); its data is entered and maintained by Wikidata editors, who decide the rules of content creation and management, and by automated bots (its own introduction)
infrastructureAttribution, credit and identity infrastructureHeteronymy, persona and pseudonymous authorshipMeta-aggregationactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded as authorial function: an 'author' statement links a work to an item, and P742 records that a name was used by the item's subject; the saved sources give no place for a voice, corpus or responsibility distinct from that subject
UbuWeb
archive: in its own words 'the internet's largest archive of free avant-garde materials' and 'an archive, not a blog'; a distribution center for hard-to-find, out-of-print and obscure materials · UbuWeb, a completely independent site run on a volunteer basis by editors spread across the United States; created by the poet Kenneth Goldsmith, who is named its editor (Wikipedia, third party)
infrastructureAvant-garde and experimental archivesactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded for the works beyond the maker's standing: editors select and post works, rights stay with 'the copyright holders', and the artist's one recorded act is the request for removal
Electronic Poetry Center
internet archive and resource site for poetry and poetics: in its own words 'the first comprehensive Internet archive of its kind for poetry and poetics', with a Digital Library, E-Poetry and Author libraries · Loss Pequeño Glazier (Director and Founder) and Charles Bernstein (Editor, Co-founder), with Al Filreis as publisher for the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing (CPCW), University of Pennsylvania; affiliated with Poetics and Media Study at SUNY-Buffalo
infrastructureAvant-garde and experimental archivesactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded for the works: the saved sources show author pages under poets' names; for the site itself, roles are credited by function (Director & Founder, Editor and Co-founder, Publisher)
Eclipse
archive: Wikipedia (third party) calls it an online archive of digital facsimiles of radical small-press writing from the last quarter of the 20th century, later also publishing selected new and born-digital works; the saved pages of Eclipse itself carry an author index, a title index and a new-to-the-archive notice · Eclipse: Founding Editor Craig Dworkin, Editor Danny Snelson (the home page); Wikipedia (third party) places Dworkin at the University of Utah and Snelson at UCLA
infrastructureAvant-garde and experimental archivesCollective and distributed authorshipactive
Authorial function and responsibility: distributed across the index: a co-written title appears under every collaborator, an editor carries '[Editor]', a translator '(trans.)', with the translated work listed under the translator as well as the author; names stand as printed; the archive's own responsibility (selection, rights) is not stated, the About page returning 404
Copyright and Artificial Intelligence
the Copyright Office's initiative page on copyright law and policy issues raised by AI: a multi-part Report, a registration guidance policy statement, a notice of inquiry, Review Board and registration decisions on AI-generated material, and the government's briefs and the decisions in Thaler v. Perlmutter and Allen v. Perlmutter · the U.S. Copyright Office (101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, D.C.), whose footer links the Library of Congress
infrastructureBoundary and governanceAttribution, credit and identity infrastructureactive
Authorial function and responsibility: human authorship as the condition of registration (Wikipedia, third party): AI-generated content beyond de minimis must be disclaimed in the application, and a claim whose applicant will not disclaim it cannot be registered; human selection, arrangement and coordination of AI outputs has been argued as sufficient human authorship for a composite work; works 'where the expressive elements are determined by a machine' remain uncopyrightable; the Office's own page records its decisions by work title
Historical lineage
The NEXT
a combination museum, library, and preservation space for digital art and writing (its own words); a repository of electronic literature (Wikipedia, third party) · managed by the Electronic Literature Lab at Washington State University Vancouver, with Dene Grigar as Managing Director and Curator, and supported by grants, donations and commissions; Wikipedia (third party) says it is supported by Washington State University at Vancouver and the Electronic Literature Organization
historical lineageAvant-garde and experimental archivesHeteronymy, persona and pseudonymous authorshipCollective and distributed authorshipMachine participation in authorshipactive
Authorial function and responsibility: author collections hold an author's own works with donated materials, including personal copies of other authors' works; the museum re-creates, migrates and records video playthroughs of works made on obsolete software, and the work stays under its author; a collaborative work is held under its collective (nine Canadian artists and scholars for Decameron Collective); the saved sources show no attribution model for machine participation
Output: An Anthology of Computer-Generated Text, 1953–2023
in the publisher's words, 'An anthology of seven decades of English-language outputs from computer generation systems' · edited by Lillian-Yvonne Bertram and Nick Montfort; published by Counterpath, co-published with MIT Press
historical lineageMachine participation in authorshipAvant-garde and experimental archivesactive
Authorial function and responsibility: the admission rule constitutes the record as output of implemented systems: 'Purposefully excluded are human–computer collaborations that were conceptually defined but not implemented as a computer system'; how a given output's authorship is attributed is not recorded on the saved page
International Dada Archive
archive: in its own words 'a scholarly resource for the study of the historic Dada movement', with an online catalog (the International Online Bibliography of Dada), a Digital Dada Library of page scans, and the journal Dada/Surrealism · the University of Iowa Libraries; curator Timothy Shipe, 100 Main Library, The University of Iowa
historical lineageAvant-garde and experimental archivesHeteronymy, persona and pseudonymous authorshipactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not stated as a rule: authorship is filed by author, with a second name in parentheses and one book entered under both names (Krekel and Pansaers); which name carries the work is left undecided; responsibility for the holdings sits with the University of Iowa Libraries and its curator
Counterpositions
Human Authored Certification
certification: a project of the Authors Guild that lets an author certify that their book is created by a human, with a public database of certifications and a certification mark · the Authors Guild
counterpositionBoundary and governanceactive
Authorial function and responsibility: self-certification under licence: the author certifies that 'the text of the book was written by a human and not generated by AI', minimal uses excepted (spelling and grammar checks, research); every certifying author signs a licensing agreement; non-members verify identity through a third-party service; the certification covers the text and is listed by title, authors and registration number
Peripheral comparators
Creative AI Tools & Resources Database (Creative AI Lab)
a database of tools for artists, designers, engineers, curators and researchers (Serpentine); an ongoing project to aggregate tools and resources for practitioners incorporating machine learning and other forms of AI into their practice (King's College London) · the Creative AI Lab, a partnership between Serpentine R&D Platform (Serpentine Galleries, London) and the Department of Digital Humanities, King's College London; supported by AHRC funding and a LAHP-funded PhD scholarship
peripheral comparatorMachine participation in authorshipMeta-aggregationactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded for works; the launch report credits a contribution by name, a list of 65 tools 'contributed by creative AI curator and researcher Luba Elliott' (HOLO); the Lab's programme, beside the database, held a discussion on 'creative agency, authorship and ownership' (15 November 2021)
Jacket2
publication: in its own words it 'offers commentary on modern and contemporary poetry and poetics', publishing content 'as it is ready'; it also maintains the complete archive of Jacket magazine · Jacket2, at the Kelly Writers House, 3805 Locust Walk, Philadelphia (the site footer); the saved sources name no editorial board or institution beyond that address and 'Jacket2 Editors'
peripheral comparatorAvant-garde and experimental archivesactive
Authorial function and responsibility: the byline: authors, co-authors, interviewers and translators named on the piece ('translated by'); one piece signed collectively ('Jacket2 Editors'); its media highlight credits a construction as 'Made collaboratively' by two named makers; editorial responsibility beyond 'Jacket2 Editors' is not recorded (the About page returned 404)
DAIL – The Database of AI Litigation
database of ongoing and completed litigation involving artificial intelligence, with a companion database of issued opinions · the Ethical Tech Initiative, an interdisciplinary collaboration hosted on George Washington University's site (the page carries GW's footer: Contact GW, GW's Website Privacy Notice)
peripheral comparatorBoundary and governanceactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded: the saved page describes the scope of cases and names no parties, authors or works
Chat GPT Is Eating the World
news site and set of trackers on AI developments, chiefly AI copyright and tort litigation ('AI copyright & tort litigation, tracked in real time') · not named in the saved sources: the About page speaks as 'we'; a post on the home page speaks in the first person ('various individuals (myself included)'); it states it is not affiliated with OpenAI or other AI developers; a sister site, Claude Is Eating the World
peripheral comparatorBoundary and governanceactive
Authorial function and responsibility: not recorded: the AI & Authorship Tracker and the opinion piece on authorship are unread; its posts name authors as plaintiffs over the use of their works
The field it maps
Works, papers, practices, tools and standards read for this census and held outside it, because none of them gathers and holds the works or records of others. They are what the aggregators above hold or miss, and the readings cite them. A row is an aggregator: a resource that gathers and holds many other works or records and says what it holds (operator, 2026-11-01).
- Technelegy: a persona and practice (a work), not an aggregator
- ReRites: a project of twelve books (a work), not an aggregator
- Pharmako-AI: a book (a work)
- Oulipo: a group and its practice
- Writing at a Distance: Notes on Authorship and Artificial Intelligence: a paper
- Which Contributions Deserve Credit? Perceptions of Attribution in Human-AI Co-Creation: a paper (an empirical study)
- The human-authorship halo: attribution bias in literary style evaluation by humans and AI: a paper (an empirical study)
- "It was 80% me, 20% AI": Seeking Authenticity in Co-Writing with Large Language Models: a paper (an empirical study)
- AI-generated poetry is indistinguishable from human-written poetry and is rated more favorably: a paper (an empirical study)
- Wikidata property P742: pseudonym: one property of an aggregator; Wikidata is read whole as its own row
- C2PA Technical Specification (Content Credentials): a technical standard
- AI Attribution Toolkit: a disclosure tool
- IP and Frontier Technologies: a forum series
- Authorship and AI tools (COPE position; the name as the page's address gives it, the page itself unread): a policy position (and unread)
- writing-assistants-design-space: a paper (a systematic review of 115 papers, with no browsable database in its saved sources)
The census as data
Resources listed and held for the next batch, none of whose pages could be read on fetch, so nothing of theirs is quoted: pessoadigital.pt (the saved sources show no title of its own).
Selected and not yet listed, their pages refused on fetch: Vauhini Vara, 'Ghosts' (The Believer) (the page returned http 403 on fetch); Hannes Bajohr, On Artificial and Post-artificial Texts (eScholarship returned http 202 with no body (a bot check) on fetch).
Pages that could not be read on fetch, each recorded with its status, and their fields left unquoted: arquivo-pessoa--wikipedia (http 404); coauthor--home (http 000); creative-ai-lab-database--notion (http 200); eclipse--about (http 404); jacket2--about (http 404); orcid-names--support (http 403); output-anthology--mit (http 000); pessoa-digital--about (http 418); pessoa-digital--home (http 418); the-next--curatorial (http 200); viaf--home (http 403).
census.json (schema 1.1). The MMRS, provenance, Labor Vector and left-census core (slug, name, aka, url, operator, kind, unit, count, lifecycle, version_and_time, negative_tags, evidence, relations, unchecked, sources) extended for authorship (1.1, revised 2026-11-01): host_relation (what the resource is to this census: direct case, theoretical interlocutor, empirical comparator, historical lineage, infrastructure, counterposition, peripheral comparator, meta-aggregation), record_type, question (the specific question it answers); areas (one or more of nine), evidence_kind, record_object (what it records), record (keeps: whose authorship it keeps; name: under what name it holds a work, and whether it keeps a pseudonym, heteronym, collective or absent name as the author gave it, as the resource itself shows, or 'not recorded'; holder: who holds it and on what terms; function: how the authorial function, contribution and responsibility are constituted and attributed, as the resource shows), method, coverage, holdings, stated_limits, answers and does_not_answer, and ls_reading (where it meets the question of #940 and #1722: the archive's reading, kept apart from the resource's own terms). Every quote is verbatim from a saved source.