How authorship is made and named: a meta-aggregator / Wikidata
Wikidata
infrastructureAttribution, credit and identity infrastructureHeteronymy, persona and pseudonymous authorshipMeta-aggregationactive
The archive's reading. Wikidata holds a chosen name as data about its bearer: the pseudonym property P742 lists 'heteronym' among its aliases with pen name and stage name and stores the name as a string on the item of the person who used it, so in #940's terms the data model keeps the label and records it as a pseudonym of one function. The saved sources do not show whether a heteronym is given an item of its own or how such an item would stand to its civil bearer.
| Relation to this census | infrastructure |
|---|---|
| Record type | database |
| The question it answers | What sourced statements does a structured knowledge base hold about a person or work, including the names a person used (property P742, pseudonym) and identifiers in other authority files? |
| Kind | a free, collaborative, multilingual, secondary knowledge base, collecting structured data (its own words); a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph (Wikipedia, third party) |
| Operator | hosted and owned by the Wikimedia Foundation and developed mainly by Wikimedia Deutschland (Wikipedia, third party); its data is entered and maintained by Wikidata editors, who decide the rules of content creation and management, and by automated bots (its own introduction) |
| Evidence | identity registry; wiki |
| Unit of record | an item (a Q-number) with a label, a description, optional aliases, statements (property-value pairs with qualifiers, references and rank) and sitelinks; a name a person used is a statement on that person's item, with property P742 (pseudonym) and a string value |
| What it records | items for any topic, concept or object: more than 123 million data entities as of October 2026; items for scholarly articles are the largest part, followed by biographies (Wikipedia); statements with their sources and connections to other databases |
| Whose authorship it keeps | not a holder of works: it holds statements about items, among them works and persons; a statement can pair a property such as 'author' with a person as value |
| Under what name | as data on the bearer's item: an item has a label (labels need not be unique; the label with its description must be), a description and any number of aliases; the pseudonym property P742 ('alias used by someone') stores a pen name, stage name or, by its own alias list, a 'heteronym' as a string of up to 100 characters on the item of the human, character, group of humans or other allowed subject who used it, with optional qualifiers such as 'applies to work', start time and end time; whether a heteronym is given an item of its own, and how that item links to its bearer, is not shown in the saved sources |
| Who holds it | the Wikimedia Foundation as host and owner; structured data in the main, Property, Lexeme and EntitySchema namespaces under CC0, reusable without permission; editors decide the rules of content |
| Authorial function and responsibility | not recorded as authorial function: an 'author' statement links a work to an item, and P742 records that a name was used by the item's subject; the saved sources give no place for a voice, corpus or responsibility distinct from that subject |
| Method | community editing and bot imports ('a large proportion of the data on Wikidata consists of entries imported en masse from other databases by Internet bots', Wikipedia), with references recorded on statements, ranks, and property constraints treated as alerts |
| Coverage | geography: multilingual and global; period: launched 29 October 2012 |
| Count | value: more than 123 million data entities (October 2026); about 116 million items (2025); 1.65 billion item statements (early 2025, marked 'verification needed'); as_of: October 2026 (Wikipedia, third party) |
| Holdings | more than 123 million data entities, such as items, properties and lexemes (October 2026); items for scholarly articles (the largest part) and biographies; more than 1.7 million lexemes in 1,568 languages (October 2026); identifier properties linking items to external authority files, among them ISNI (P213) and VIAF file numbers; property P742 (pseudonym), with 'heteronym' among its aliases |
| Stated limits | constraints 'are treated as testing alerts and hints, rather than inviolable rules' (Wikipedia, third party); on P742, the citation-needed constraint has the status of a 'suggestion constraint'; the notability policy decides what kind of data belongs (named in the introduction, not saved) |
| Data access | public wiki; the Wikidata Query Service (SPARQL); APIs including a REST API (stable from 11 November 2024); Lua access for client wikis; a vector-based search tool supporting the Model Context Protocol (the Wikidata Embedding Project, October 2025, per Wikipedia) |
| Licence | 'All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License' |
| Lifecycle | state: active; detail: the introduction was last edited 21 October 2026; Wikipedia (last edited 25 October 2026) reports QLever chosen in June 2026 to replace Blazegraph for the Query Service by 30 June 2027 |
| Version and time | launched: 2012-10-29; entities_count: 2026-10; intro_last_edited: 2026-10-21; p742_last_edited: 2026-08-24; wikipedia_last_edited: 2026-10-25; read: 2026-11-01 |
| Founded | 2012 (launched 29 October 2012) |
What its record can settle
- what sourced statements Wikidata holds about a person or work
- under which pseudonyms (P742) a person is recorded, with the qualifiers given
- which identifiers in other authority files (ISNI, VIAF, ORCID) an item carries
- how its data model holds a pen name or heteronym: as a string on the bearer's item
What it cannot settle
- whether a name is a pseudonym or a heteronym in #940's sense: P742's aliases treat the two as one
- whether a heteronym has an item of its own, and how it links to its bearer (not in the saved sources)
- whether any given statement is sourced: references are optional and citation on P742 is a suggestion
- how authorial function, voice or responsibility is distributed in a work
Kept apart
- NOT a record of heteronymy as a distinct authorial function: 'heteronym' is an alias of the pseudonym property, and the value is a string on the bearer's item
- NOT a primary source: it calls itself a secondary knowledge base
- NOT sourced by requirement: references are optional, and citation on P742 is a suggestion
- NOT the field row wikidata-pseudonym: that row reads property P742 alone and stands outside the census order as a field reference; this row is Wikidata whole, with P742 recorded in it
Relations
- uses: Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) (VIAF file numbers are incorporated into Wikidata (Wikipedia, VIAF article); Wikidata is also listed as a VIAF participant)
- uses: ISNI (International Standard Name Identifier) (Wikidata has the property ISNI (P213) (Wikipedia, ISNI article))
- neighbour: ORCID (Wikidata includes pages with ORCID identifiers (Wikipedia, ORCID article))
Evidence
- self_description (the resource's own statement):
Wikidata is a free , collaborative , multilingual , secondary knowledge base, collecting structured data to provide support for Wikipedia , Wikimedia Commons , the other wikis of the Wikimedia movement , and to anyone in the world.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - cc0_reuse (the resource's own statement):
You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - editors (the resource's own statement):
Data is entered and maintained by Wikidata editors, who decide on the rules of content creation and management. Automated bots also enter data into Wikidata.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - secondary (the resource's own statement):
Wikidata records not just statements, but also their sources, and connections to other databases.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - items (the resource's own statement):
The Wikidata repository consists mainly of items , each one having a label , a description and any number of aliases .
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - statements (the resource's own statement):
Statements describe detailed characteristics of an Item and consist of a property and a value .
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - identifier (the resource's own statement):
A property that links an item to an external database, such as an authority control database used by libraries and archives, is called an identifier .
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - notability (the resource's own statement):
To learn what kind of data belongs on Wikidata please see the notability policy .
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - intro_last_edited (the resource's own statement):
This page was last edited on 21 October 2026, at 08:00.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - license (the resource's own statement):
All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 a5d3749d5b95b101… - wp_description (a third-party account):
Wikidata is a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_developed (a third-party account):
Launched in October 2012, it is developed mainly by Wikimedia Deutschland
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_owner (a third-party account):
Owner Wikimedia Foundation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_launched (a third-party account):
Wikidata was launched on 29 October 2012
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_entities (a third-party account):
Wikidata held more than 123 million data entities, such as items, properties and lexemes.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_statements (a third-party account):
As of early 2025, Wikidata had 1.65 billion item statements. [ 5 ] [ verification needed ]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_items_2025 (a third-party account):
In 2025, Wikidata held about 116 million items, corresponding to about 16 billion triples .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_labels (a third-party account):
Item labels do not need to be unique.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_label_description (a third-party account):
However, the combination of a label and its description must be unique.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_author_property (a third-party account):
Formally, they consist of key–value pairs , which match a property (such as "author", or "publication date") with one or more entity values (such as " Sir Arthur Conan Doyle " or "1902").
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_references (a third-party account):
Values in the statements may also be annotated with references , pointing to a source backing up the statement's content.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_constraints (a third-party account):
Constraints are treated as testing alerts and hints, rather than inviolable rules.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_content (a third-party account):
Items for scholarly articles are the biggest part of Wikidata, followed by the collection of biographies.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_lexemes (a third-party account):
Wikidata had more than 1.7 million lexemes in 1,568 languages,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_bots (a third-party account):
a large proportion of the data on Wikidata consists of entries imported en masse from other databases by Internet bots
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_rest (a third-party account):
A REST API for Wikidata was released in January 2023, and its first stable version went live on November 11, 2024.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_embedding (a third-party account):
The Wikidata Embedding Project was made available in October 2025. It provides a vector-based semantic search tool, allowing plain-language queries, and supports the Model Context Protocol standard that makes the data more readily available to AI systems.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_qlever (a third-party account):
In June 2026, the Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia Deutschland chose QLever to replace Blazegraph, with the aim of moving all query traffic to it by June 30, 2027.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - wp_last_edited (a third-party account):
This page was last edited on 25 October 2026, at 17:50
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 6eab13fa20541e89… - p742_label (the resource's own statement):
pseudonym (P742)
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_description (the resource's own statement):
alias used by someone (for nickname use P1449)
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_aliases (the resource's own statement):
pen name stage name code name user name known professionally as heteronym nom de plume
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_datatype (the resource's own statement):
Data type String
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_subject_type (the resource's own statement):
subject type constraint class human character group of humans individual animal award group broadcasting program person relation instance of constraint status mandatory constraint
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_format (the resource's own statement):
format constraint format as a regular expression [^;]{1,100}| constraint status mandatory constraint
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_applies_to_work (the resource's own statement):
applies to work
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_time (the resource's own statement):
start time end time writing system
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_citation (the resource's own statement):
citation-needed constraint constraint status suggestion constraint
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_example (the resource's own statement):
Elsa Bernstein pseudonym Ernst Rosmer
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - p742_last_edited (the resource's own statement):
This page was last edited on 24 August 2026, at 21:04.
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742 · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 ab8481d73509b550… - isni_property (a third-party account):
Wikidata has the property: ISNI (P213)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 24575f41df384288… - viaf_numbers (a third-party account):
The file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata .
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 d506ac21de7d3c5c… - orcid_pages (a third-party account):
Both Wikipedia and Wikidata include pages with ORCID identifiers.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORCID · read 2026-11-01 · http 200 · sha256 08dcd844e5310347…
Unchecked
Wikidata's notability policy, help pages on items, labels and aliases, and its copyright page (named and unsaved); the items that use P742 (no count or sample beyond the property page's examples); how Wikidata models a heteronym with an item of its own, linked to its bearer (not shown in the saved sources); P1449 (nickname) and the related name properties listed on the P742 page
Cite: Lee Sharks, ed. "Wikidata." How authorship is made and named: a meta-aggregator, leesharks.com, compiled 2026-11-01. https://www.leesharks.com/apparatus/aggregators/wikidata