{ "name": "Lee Sharks apparatus meta-aggregator census: authorship", "compiled": "2026-11-01", "schema_version": "1.1", "editor": "Lee Sharks", "family": "Meta-Aggregators of the Crimson Hexagon", "schema_note": "The MMRS, provenance, Labor Vector and left-census core (slug, name, aka, url, operator, kind, unit, count, lifecycle, version_and_time, negative_tags, evidence, relations, unchecked, sources) extended for authorship (1.1, revised 2026-11-01): host_relation (what the resource is to this census: direct case, theoretical interlocutor, empirical comparator, historical lineage, infrastructure, counterposition, peripheral comparator, meta-aggregation), record_type, question (the specific question it answers); areas (one or more of nine), evidence_kind, record_object (what it records), record (keeps: whose authorship it keeps; name: under what name it holds a work, and whether it keeps a pseudonym, heteronym, collective or absent name as the author gave it, as the resource itself shows, or 'not recorded'; holder: who holds it and on what terms; function: how the authorial function, contribution and responsibility are constituted and attributed, as the resource shows), method, coverage, holdings, stated_limits, answers and does_not_answer, and ls_reading (where it meets the question of #940 and #1722: the archive's reading, kept apart from the resource's own terms). Every quote is verbatim from a saved source.", "organizing_question": "How is authorship made, named, distributed, attributed and sustained across persons, personas, collectives and machine participation, and what is lost when those relations are collapsed?", "anchor": { "deposits": [ { "deposit": 940, "axn": "AXN:03B8", "title": "EA-HETERONYMY-01 v0.2: Heteronymy as Ethical Operation Against Civil-Name Reduction", "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/940/" }, { "deposit": 1722, "axn": "AXN:0B2A", "title": "AI Calls You Fake: The Existence Tax on Real People and Real Work", "url": "https://www.alexanarch.org/s/records/1722/" } ] }, "areas": { "avant-garde-archives": "Avant-garde and experimental archives: the record of experimental writing, sound, visual and procedural work, and of its small presses", "heteronymy": "Heteronymy, persona and pseudonymous authorship: distinct named authorial functions, human and machine-participating", "collective-authorship": "Collective and distributed authorship: works and practices whose authorship is shared, transformative or unnamed", "machine-co-authorship": "Machine participation in authorship: works and practices made with generative models, and records of the writing process", "attribution-and-credit": "Attribution, credit and identity infrastructure: how contributions and names are recorded, disclosed and resolved", "reception-research": "Reception research: how readers, human and machine, judge a work by its stated or supposed author", "authorship-theory": "Theories of authorship under AI: causal, distributed and post-artificial accounts", "governance": "Boundary and governance: law, policy, certification and litigation on who or what can be an author", "meta-aggregation": "Meta-aggregation: a resource that itself gathers and reads other resources" }, "evidence_kinds": [ "primary text", "audio recording", "facsimile", "scholarly edition", "critical commentary", "catalogue", "wiki", "registration guidance", "legal decision", "litigation record", "policy statement", "certification", "consultation record", "census of resources", "artist statement", "book", "anthology", "publisher description", "research paper", "empirical study", "interaction dataset", "disclosure tool", "technical standard", "identity registry" ], "unread_sources": { "jacket2--about": { "url": "https://jacket2.org/about", "http": "404", "fetched": "2026-11-01T04:07:51Z" }, "eclipse--about": { "url": "https://eclipsearchive.org/about.html", "http": "404", "fetched": "2026-11-01T04:07:52Z" }, "arquivo-pessoa--wikipedia": { "url": "https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquivo_Pessoa", "http": "404", "fetched": "2026-11-01T04:07:54Z" }, "pessoa-digital--home": { "url": "https://pessoadigital.pt/", "http": "418", "fetched": "2026-11-01T04:07:56Z" }, "pessoa-digital--about": { "url": "https://pessoadigital.pt/en/about", "http": "418", "fetched": "2026-11-01T04:07:57Z" }, "output-anthology--mit": { "url": "https://cmsw.mit.edu/output-an-anthology-of-computer-generated-text-1953-2023/", "http": "000", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:06:26Z" }, "coauthor--home": { "url": "https://coauthor.stanford.edu/", "http": "000", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:06:30Z" }, "orcid-names--support": { "url": "https://support.orcid.org/hc/articles/360006973853", "http": "403", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:06:33Z" }, "the-next--curatorial": { "url": "https://the-next.eliterature.org/curatorial-statement", "http": "200", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:32:42Z" }, "viaf--home": { "url": "https://viaf.org/", "http": "403", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:32:47Z" }, "creative-ai-lab-database--notion": { "url": "https://proud-paprika-325.notion.site/Creative-AI-Database-241be15d927a480d956c45f30b3d1996", "http": "200", "fetched": "2026-11-01T05:32:49Z" } }, "pending": [ { "slug": "vara-ghosts", "name": "Vauhini Vara, 'Ghosts' (The Believer)", "why": "the page returned http 403 on fetch" }, { "slug": "bajohr-post-artificial", "name": "Hannes Bajohr, On Artificial and Post-artificial Texts", "why": "eScholarship returned http 202 with no body (a bot check) on fetch" } ], "field": [ { "slug": "technelegy", "why": "a persona and practice (a work), not an aggregator" }, { "slug": "rerites", "why": "a project of twelve books (a work), not an aggregator" }, { "slug": "pharmako-ai", "why": "a book (a work)" }, { "slug": "oulipo", "why": "a group and its practice" }, { "slug": "bajohr-writing-at-a-distance", "why": "a paper" }, { "slug": "ibm-credit-study", "why": "a paper (an empirical study)" }, { "slug": "authorship-halo", "why": "a paper (an empirical study)" }, { "slug": "eighty-percent-me", "why": "a paper (an empirical study)" }, { "slug": "porter-machery", "why": "a paper (an empirical study)" }, { "slug": "wikidata-pseudonym", "why": "one property of an aggregator; Wikidata is read whole as its own row" }, { "slug": "c2pa", "why": "a technical standard" }, { "slug": "ai-attribution-toolkit", "why": "a disclosure tool" }, { "slug": "wipo-frontier", "why": "a forum series" }, { "slug": "cope-ai", "why": "a policy position (and unread)" }, { "slug": "writing-assistants-design-space", "why": "a paper (a systematic review of 115 papers, with no browsable database in its saved sources)" } ], "excluded": [ { "slug": "fanlore", "why": "outside this census, on the operator's ruling of 2026-11-01: fan fiction challenged at 00:52 ('what relationship has an archive of our own, collecting fan fiction, to leesharks.com?') and left out at 01:49" }, { "slug": "otw-ao3", "why": "outside this census, on the same ruling" } ], "admission_rule": "A row is an aggregator: a resource that gathers and holds many other works or records and says what it holds (operator, 2026-11-01).", "host_relations": [ "direct case", "theoretical interlocutor", "empirical comparator", "historical lineage", "infrastructure", "counterposition", "peripheral comparator", "meta-aggregation" ], "rows": [ { "slug": "the-next", "name": "The NEXT", "aka": [ "The NEXT: Museum, Library, and Preservation Space", "The NEXT Museum", "the-next.eliterature.org" ], "url": "https://the-next.eliterature.org/", "operator": "managed by the Electronic Literature Lab at Washington State University Vancouver, with Dene Grigar as Managing Director and Curator, and supported by grants, donations and commissions; Wikipedia (third party) says it is supported by Washington State University at Vancouver and the Electronic Literature Organization", "kind": "a combination museum, library, and preservation space for digital art and writing (its own words); a repository of electronic literature (Wikipedia, third party)", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives", "heteronymy", "collective-authorship", "machine-co-authorship" ], "host_relation": "historical lineage", "record_type": "archive", "question": "Under which names, collections and preservation states are born-digital literary works held (name preservation in author collections; work-level metadata)?", "evidence_kind": [ "primary text", "anthology", "catalogue" ], "unit": "a work of digital art or writing within one of its collections (individual artists and scholars, online journals, anthologies, showcases, scholarly publications, ELO archives), described in its Extended Electronic Metadata Schema (ELMS) per Wikipedia", "record_object": "born-digital literature and net art in 48 collections: individual author collections, online experimental journals from 1995 to the present, the Electronic Literature Collections, showcases, scholarly publications and the Electronic Literature Organization's historical media; physical artifacts are held at the Electronic Literature Lab", "record": { "keeps": "the authorship of the electronic-literature authors and artists whose works and materials are donated or collected, by author collection, journal or anthology", "name": "under the name the author published under, with a pen name kept as such: Wikipedia (third party) says the Marjorie C. Luesebrink Collection holds 66 works, 27 of them created and published under the pen name M.D. Coverley, and describes her as an artist 'who publishes under the name M. D. Coverley'; the ELO Repository page gives her as 'Marjorie C. Luesebrink (M.D. Coverley)'; a collaboratively designed work stands under its collective's name (Decameron Collective); how ELMS records an author name or pen name is not in the saved sources", "holder": "The NEXT, managed by the Electronic Literature Lab and supported by grants, donations and commissions; author collections are donated by artists and scholars; access is open and online ('open-access, travel-free')", "function": "author collections hold an author's own works with donated materials, including personal copies of other authors' works; the museum re-creates, migrates and records video playthroughs of works made on obsolete software, and the work stays under its author; a collaborative work is held under its collective (nine Canadian artists and scholars for Decameron Collective); the saved sources show no attribution model for machine participation" }, "method": "donation of author collections and journals; curated exhibitions and showcases; migration and re-creation of works written on obsolete software, and metadata where re-creation is not yet possible (Wikipedia); description in ELMS", "coverage": { "geography": "international: individual artists and scholars 'from around the world'", "period": "online experimental journals from 1995 to the present; early hypertext works from the 1980s and 1990s among the re-created works (Wikipedia)" }, "count": { "value": "48 collections (home page); over 3,000 works by 2022 (Wikipedia, third party)", "as_of": "home page read 2026-11-01; works count 2022" }, "holdings": [ "48 collections of digital art and writing (home page)", "over 3,000 works by 2022, up from 30 collections of 2,500 works (Wikipedia)", "author collections, among them Hayles, Holeton, Joyce, Kendall, Kolb, Larsen, Luesebrink, Memmott, Moulthrop, Strickland and Zellen (Wikipedia)", "online journals: Iowa Review Web, BeeHive, Cauldron and Net, Poems That Go, Turbulence.org, The New River (Wikipedia)", "the Electronic Literature Collections (anthologies)", "re-created works such as Victory Garden (2022) and Uncle Buddy's Phantom Funhouse (2021) (Wikipedia)", "an expanded exhibition of Talan Memmott's 22 works of net art" ], "stated_limits": [ "where re-creation is not yet possible (Shockwave works such as Nio and The Impermanence Agent) it provides as much metadata as possible (Wikipedia, third party)", "its own curatorial statement, which would state its scope, saved 1 character and is unread" ], "answers": [ "which collections, journals and author collections the museum holds", "under which published name, including a pen name, an author collection stands (Luesebrink as M.D. Coverley, per Wikipedia and the ELO Repository page)", "which works it has re-created from obsolete software" ], "does_not_answer": [ "how ELMS records names, pen names or contributors (the schema is not in the saved sources)", "which of its works are made with AI, and how machine participation is attributed: AI is one listed quality of its collections", "its curatorial principles (the curatorial statement is unread)", "a current count of works (the latest in the saved sources is 2022)" ], "ls_reading": "The NEXT keeps electronic literature under the names its authors published under, and the saved sources show a pen name held as such beside the civil name (M.D. Coverley, Marjorie C. Luesebrink); in #940's terms that is a pseudonym kept and traceable to its bearer, and the sources show no distinct authorial function constituted under it. It holds a collaborative work under a collective's name and lists AI among its collections' qualities; what the sources show is preservation of authored works through migration, with authorship left with the author, and no record of how machine participation is attributed.", "data_access": "public website, open access, with basic search; physical archives held at the Electronic Literature Lab", "license": "not stated in the saved sources", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the home page (read 2026-11-01) features a new work (Annie Grosshans, ThinkingDaughters) and an expanded exhibition; Wikipedia gives 2011 as the year established and was last edited 6 September 2026" }, "founded": "2011 (Wikipedia, third party)", "version_and_time": { "established": "2011", "works_count": "2022", "wikipedia_last_edited": "2026-09-06", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT the ELO Repository: archive.the-next.org is the Electronic Literature Organization Repository, which names The NEXT as ELO's 'newly created museum/library/preservation space' for collections still 'coming soon'", "NOT the Electronic Literature Lab: the lab manages The NEXT and holds its physical artifacts, and is its own row", "NOT read through its curatorial statement: that page saved 1 character", "NOT a record of AI-made literature as such: AI is one quality among many listed for its collections", "NOT a register of civil identities: works stand under their published names" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Envisioned as a combination museum, library, and preservation space, The NEXT maintains and makes its archives accessible for the next generation" }, "open_access": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "responds to the growing need for open-access, travel-free cultural and research experiences for today's public and scholars." }, "collections": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "these are some of the qualities found among the 48 collections of digital art and writing at The NEXT." }, "qualities_ai": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), Codework, Combinatory, Generative" }, "managed": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The NEXT is supported by grants, donations, and commissions and managed by the Electronic Literature Lab." }, "curator": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Dene Grigar, Managing Director and Curator" }, "individual": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Discover the work of individual artists and scholars from around the world donated to The NEXT" }, "journals": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "View works published in online experimental journals from 1995 to the present" }, "anthologies": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Explore the exciting works published in the Electronic Literature Collections" }, "decameron": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "A virtual world collaboratively designed by of nine Canadian artists and scholars with audio, text, films, photographs, music, visual art, algorithmic poetry, and games" }, "memmott": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "22 works of net art that explore the aesthetic of code, language, and code language" }, "new_work": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "A new Web essay by Annie Grosshans following her haunting" }, "wp_repository": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The NEXT: Museum, Library, and Preservation Space is a repository of electronic literature . It is supported by Washington State University at Vancouver and the Electronic Literature Organization ." }, "wp_physical": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Physical artifacts are held at the Electronic Literature Lab in Vancouver, Washington , US." }, "wp_established": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Established 2011" }, "wp_count": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This digital museum originally housed 30 separate collections of 2,500 electronic literature works [ 1 ] [ 5 ] which had increased to over 3,000 works by 2022." }, "wp_elms": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The NEXT uses an Extended Electronic Metadata Schema (ELMS) to describe the complex and interactive digital works it holds." }, "wp_migrate": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The NEXT has re-created these works by migrating them to newer systems." }, "wp_metadata_limit": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Where recreating the work is not yet possible, such as Shockwave works like Jim Andrew's Nio , and Noah Wardrip Fruin et al.'s The Impermanence Agent , the NEXT has provided as much metadata as possible." }, "wp_author_collections": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The NEXT Museum also focuses on collections for notable authors in the electronic literature field, which include their own digital works and other donated physical or digital materials." }, "wp_coverley": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Luesebrink created and published 27 of these works under the pen name M.D. Coverley—and the NEXT Museum re-imagined, migrated, and developed video playthroughs of these works as they were written on now-obsolete software." }, "wp_coverley_2": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "features 66 works created and collected by this pioneering digital literary artist who publishes under the name M. D. Coverley." }, "wp_personal_copies": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The other works in this collection were donated by Luesebrink and include her personal copies of other author's works." }, "wp_victory_garden": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Stuart Moulthrop , Victory Garden [ 11 ] in 2022" }, "wp_journals": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The NEXT Museum has curated and collected works from these journals, including the Iowa Review Web (1999-2008) BeeHive (1998 -2004), Cauldron and Net (1997-2002 founded by Claire Dinsmore ), Poems That Go (2000-2004), Turbulence.org (1996-2016 co-founded by Jo-Anne Green ), and The New River (1996–present)." }, "wp_last_edited": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 6 September 2026, at 19:41" }, "repo_self": { "src": "the-next--repository", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ELO has developed the ELO Repository that collects and/or manages online journals, works of electronic literature, community archives, and other digital materials for other organizations and makes them available to the public." }, "repo_coming_soon": { "src": "the-next--repository", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Coming soon to ELO's newly created museum/library/preservation space, The NEXT" }, "repo_coverley": { "src": "the-next--repository", "basis": "operator", "quote": "an all-star editorial team that included Marjorie C. Luesebrink (M.D. Coverley), Rob Swigart, Deena Larsen" } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "electronic-literature-lab", "note": "The NEXT is managed by the Electronic Literature Lab, which holds its physical artifacts (home page; Wikipedia)" } ], "unchecked": [ "the-next--curatorial (https://the-next.eliterature.org/curatorial-statement): http 200 with 1 character of text (script-rendered); unread and unquoted", "the ELMS metadata schema and any individual work or author-collection page (not saved)", "the ELO Repository (archive.the-next.org) is read only for its page of collections; its relation to The NEXT is taken from its 'coming soon' notes", "a current count of works later than 2022" ], "sources": { "the-next--home": { "url": "https://the-next.eliterature.org/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "34dca9a805e7e34675dbf76261b996ef3826ddecd96aee364e1aad9ffeb76045", "http": "200" }, "the-next--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NEXT_Museum", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "92caf8d621194af23fae252a9fa4f4957f67d132e831a8aeed1a6d899ff818b9", "http": "200" }, "the-next--repository": { "url": "https://archive.the-next.org/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "647d842fd60320f453713980394b86fc967b4d64a1baf7b043fca30f3737e5e0", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "electronic-literature-lab", "name": "Electronic Literature Lab (ELL)", "aka": [ "ELL", "Electronic Literature Lab For Advanced Inquiry into Born Digital Literature", "Grigar ELL" ], "url": "https://labs.wsu.edu/grigar-ell", "operator": "Washington State University Vancouver; directed by Dr. Dene Grigar, with an associate director, a project manager and a technical specialist named on the page", "kind": "a lab 'For Advanced Inquiry into Born Digital Literature', one of four media archaeology labs in the U.S. giving scholars access to obsolete digital works on appropriate equipment (its own words)", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "institution", "question": "Where can born-digital literary works be read on the hardware they were made for (preservation and access; authorship not recorded on the saved page)?", "evidence_kind": [ "primary text", "catalogue" ], "unit": "a work in its library of electronic literary works, or a computer in its collection, as listed in its database of computers and library (the database itself was not saved)", "record_object": "a library of 200 electronic literary works and 61 vintage Macintosh computers and PCs dating back from 1977, used for curating, preserving and producing born-digital literary works, including experiments in preserving literary apps", "record": { "keeps": "not recorded: the saved page names a library of 200 electronic literary works and lists none of their authors", "name": "not recorded: the catalogue that would show how works and authors are named (dtc-wsuv.org/ell-catalog) was not saved", "holder": "the Electronic Literature Lab at Washington State University Vancouver, which gives scholars access to obsolete digital works on appropriate equipment; it also manages The NEXT, whose physical artifacts it holds (The NEXT home page; Wikipedia)", "function": "not recorded: the page records the lab's preservation and access role and nothing of how the authorship of the works is attributed" }, "method": "media archaeology: keeping obsolete computers working so that born-digital works can be read on the platforms they were made for; curation and preservation, with experiments in preserving literary apps", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated (the lab is at Washington State University Vancouver)", "period": "computers dating back from 1977" }, "count": { "value": "200 electronic literary works; 61 vintage computers", "as_of": "not dated on the page (its staff list names 2021 undergraduate researchers)" }, "holdings": [ "a library of 200 electronic literary works", "61 vintage Macintosh computers and PCs dating back from 1977", "a database of computers and library (linked and unsaved)", "the physical artifacts of The NEXT (Wikipedia, third party)" ], "stated_limits": [ "none stated on the saved page" ], "answers": [ "that the lab holds 200 electronic literary works and 61 vintage computers", "that it gives scholars access to obsolete works on period hardware", "who directs and staffs it, as of the page's 2021 list" ], "does_not_answer": [ "which works and authors its library holds, or under what names (the catalogue is unread)", "anything of machine participation or attribution", "its staff or activity after the 2021 list" ], "ls_reading": "none stated: the saved page records the lab as preservation infrastructure for born-digital literature, a library of works with the hardware to read them, and records nothing of whose authorship it keeps or under what name. The lab meets the question of #940 only through The NEXT, which it manages and where author collections stand under published names and pen names.", "data_access": "access for scholars to obsolete works on period hardware; a database of computers and library at https://dtc-wsuv.org/ell-catalog (named on the page, not saved)", "license": "not stated in the saved sources", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the saved page gives no date beyond its list of 2021 undergraduate researchers; The NEXT's home page (read 2026-11-01) names the lab as its manager" }, "version_and_time": { "staff_list": "2021", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT The NEXT: the lab manages the online museum, which is its own row", "NOT a record of authors or names: the saved page lists no works", "NOT read through ELMCIP: the ELMCIP page saved only a redirect", "NOT an aggregator on the saved evidence beyond its stated library and catalogue: the catalogue is unread" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Electronic Literature Lab For Advanced Inquiry into Born Digital Literature" }, "holdings": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Directed by Dr. Dene Grigar, ELL contains 61 vintage Macintosh computers and PCs, dating back from 1977 and a library of 200 electronic literary works." }, "purpose": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "It is used for the advanced inquiry into curating, preserving, and the production of born digital literary works." }, "media_archaeology": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "It is one of four media archaeology labs in the U.S. that allow scholars access to obsolete digital works on appropriate computer equipment and the only lab experimenting with the preservation of literary apps." }, "catalogue": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "To access ELL’s database of computers and library: https://dtc-wsuv.org/ell-catalog" }, "director": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Director: Dene Grigar , PhD" }, "staff_2021": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "2021 Undergraduate Researchers" }, "operator": { "src": "electronic-literature-lab--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Washington State University Vancouver" }, "manages_next": { "src": "the-next--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The NEXT is supported by grants, donations, and commissions and managed by the Electronic Literature Lab." }, "physical": { "src": "the-next--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Physical artifacts are held at the Electronic Literature Lab in Vancouver, Washington , US." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "the-next", "note": "the lab manages The NEXT and holds its physical artifacts (The NEXT home page; Wikipedia)" } ], "unchecked": [ "electronic-literature-lab--elmcip (https://elmcip.net/node/13223): http 200 with 138 characters, a redirect notice to /organizations/electronic-literature-lab-ell; the ELMCIP record is unread and unquoted", "the lab's database of computers and library (https://dtc-wsuv.org/ell-catalog) and its information page (https://www.dtc-wsuv.org/wp/ell): linked and unsaved", "the titles and authors of the 200 works in its library" ], "sources": { "electronic-literature-lab--home": { "url": "https://labs.wsu.edu/grigar-ell", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "cb62790d8dcf7f89b42c4a2cde95b2f9391eb2b7fbf624e1f264583326ab9e69", "http": "200" }, "the-next--home": { "url": "https://the-next.eliterature.org/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "34dca9a805e7e34675dbf76261b996ef3826ddecd96aee364e1aad9ffeb76045", "http": "200" }, "the-next--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_NEXT_Museum", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "92caf8d621194af23fae252a9fa4f4957f67d132e831a8aeed1a6d899ff818b9", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "output-anthology", "name": "Output: An Anthology of Computer-Generated Text, 1953–2023", "aka": [ "Output" ], "url": "https://counterpathpress.org/output-an-anthology-of-computer-generated-text-1953-2023-edited-by-lillian-yvonne-bertram-and-nick-montfort", "operator": "edited by Lillian-Yvonne Bertram and Nick Montfort; published by Counterpath, co-published with MIT Press", "kind": "in the publisher's words, 'An anthology of seven decades of English-language outputs from computer generation systems'", "host_relation": "historical lineage", "record_type": "anthology", "question": "generative transformation: which implemented text generation systems produced which outputs, 1953 to 2023, as the editors select them", "areas": [ "machine-co-authorship", "avant-garde-archives" ], "evidence_kind": [ "anthology", "publisher description" ], "unit": "an excerpt of output from a text generation system, introduced individually and organized by fine-grain genre (conversations, humor, letters, poetry, prose, sentences), with bibliographic references", "record_object": "English-language texts produced by generation systems and software, 1953 to 2023: creative writing, research-system output, reports and utilitarian texts", "record": { "keeps": "the editors' selection and introductions; the authorship of each output is not recorded on the saved page", "name": "not recorded: the publisher page does not say whether an output stands under a system's name, a programmer's or both", "holder": "Counterpath, co-published with MIT Press (October 2024, $40.00, ISBN 978-0262549813); rights not stated on the saved page", "function": "the admission rule constitutes the record as output of implemented systems: 'Purposefully excluded are human–computer collaborations that were conceptually defined but not implemented as a computer system'; how a given output's authorship is attributed is not recorded on the saved page" }, "method": "an edited anthology: selected, introduced and organized by two editors, each excerpt with its own introduction and bibliographic references", "coverage": { "geography": "English-language outputs", "period": "1953 to 2023" }, "count": { "value": "500 pages", "as_of": "October 2024 (publication)" }, "holdings": [ "seven decades of English-language outputs of generation systems, with an overall introduction and an introduction to each excerpt", "500 pages, October 2024" ], "stated_limits": [ "English-language outputs only", "'Purposefully excluded are human–computer collaborations that were conceptually defined but not implemented as a computer system.'" ], "answers": [ "which implemented text generation systems and outputs the editors gather for 1953 to 2023", "where to find bibliographic references for a given system or output" ], "does_not_answer": [ "how each output is credited (system, programmer, editor), on the saved page", "whether any example is contemporary LLM co-writing (historical scope alone does not show it)", "anything from the MIT page, which could not be read" ], "ls_reading": "The publisher's page sets the anthology against the claim that text generation began recently and admits only implemented systems, so the record is a lineage of machine output. The archive reads it as a historical map of generated text whose attribution practice (system, programmer, editor) the saved page leaves unrecorded; the anthology itself was not read.", "data_access": "a printed book, for sale; the publisher page links to purchase", "license": "not stated on the saved page", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "published October 2024 and offered for sale on the publisher page on 2026-11-01" }, "founded": "October 2024 (publication)", "version_and_time": { "published": "October 2024", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a record of contemporary LLM co-writing alone: it spans 1953 to 2023 and includes reports and utilitarian texts", "NOT a collection of conceptual human–computer collaborations: those are purposefully excluded", "NOT read in full: the row rests on the publisher's description" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "An anthology of seven decades of English-language outputs from computer generation systems, chronicling the vast history of machine-written texts created long before ChatGPT." }, "aim": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "aims to correct that omission by gathering seven decades of English-language texts produced by generation systems and software." }, "scope": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The outputs span many different types of creative writing and include text generated by research systems, along with reports and utilitarian texts, representing many general advances and experiments in text generation." }, "unit": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "each of the excerpts is introduced individually and organized by fine-grain genre including conversations, humor, letters, poetry, prose, and sentences. Bibliographic references allow readers to learn more about outputs and systems that intrigue them." }, "exclusion": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Purposefully excluded are human–computer collaborations that were conceptually defined but not implemented as a computer system." }, "editors": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "thoughtfully selected, introduced, and edited by Lillian-Yvonne Bertram and Nick Montfort" }, "copublished": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "October 2024 co-published with MIT Press" }, "size": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "500 pgs." }, "isbn": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ISBN 978-0262549813." }, "price": { "src": "output-anthology--counterpath", "basis": "operator", "quote": "$40.00; 7″ x 9″" } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "rerites", "note": "co-editor Nick Montfort writes a response essay in ReRites" } ], "unchecked": [ "the MIT page (output-anthology--mit, cmsw.mit.edu): the fetch failed with a TLS certificate error (http 000, no text); unread and unquoted; this row rests on the Counterpath page", "the anthology itself (not read)", "the publisher page's title spells the first editor 'Lillian Yvonne-Bertram', its body 'Lillian-Yvonne Bertram'; the row follows the body" ], "sources": { "output-anthology--counterpath": { "url": "https://counterpathpress.org/output-an-anthology-of-computer-generated-text-1953-2023-edited-by-lillian-yvonne-bertram-and-nick-montfort", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "9290267e59a0571abbd1e1d0046f24d4aedac334ebc27375c5377a5226309c3c", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "wordcraft", "name": "Wordcraft Writers Workshop", "aka": [ "Wordcraft" ], "url": "https://wordcraft-writers-workshop.appspot.com/", "operator": "Google Research: the PAIR and Magenta teams; conducted by Andy Coenen and Ann Yuan (PAIR), Daphne Ippolito (Brain Research, working with Magenta) and Sehmon Burnam (Magenta)", "kind": "in its own words, 'a collaboration between Google's PAIR and Magenta teams, and 13 professional writers'; a published story collection, a project site and a whitepaper", "host_relation": "empirical comparator", "record_type": "project", "question": "contribution and authorial function: how named professional writers use a LaMDA-based editor and keep authorship of the stories, as the workshop records it", "areas": [ "machine-co-authorship", "attribution-and-credit" ], "evidence_kind": [ "primary text", "research paper", "empirical study" ], "unit": "a story of 1,000-1,500 words by a named writer, made with Wordcraft over eight weeks, with the writer's journal and two interviews", "record_object": "thirteen stories by thirteen commissioned professional writers using Wordcraft, a LaMDA-powered text editor, and the researchers' qualitative findings from their journals and interviews", "record": { "keeps": "the thirteen writers' authorship of their stories", "name": "each story stands under its writer's name (Robin Sloan, Diana Hamilton, Eugenia Triantafyllou, Ken Liu, Allison Parrish and others); the paper refers to participants by initials and gives its reason for naming them: 'because each writer's perspective is best understood within the context of their background and prior published work'; LaMDA is credited only as the model under the tool; one writer named the AI 'Rain Man' in a diary", "holder": "Google, on its research site, with the notice 'Google does not endorse the content of any of the stories'; participants consented to publication of their stories and use of their feedback, and were compensated; site terms on a page not saved", "function": "the site states the writers 'have used Wordcraft along with their own creative vision and have not authored these stories under any sort of explicit guidance'; the paper records the share of generated text by writer: some made stories 'largely formed around generated text (AP, DH, JM, MT, AW)', for others 'the bulk of the story text was written by the authors themselves (KL, WT, NG)', and one siloed generated text into set sections (RS); the per-sentence division is not published" }, "method": "a commissioned eight-week workshop: writers given no instruction or tutorial, asked for a story and a journal on set questions, interviewed twice for 45 minutes; two paper authors coded journals and interview notes with 10 high-level codes", "coverage": { "geography": "'professional English-language writers from around the world'", "period": "eight weeks; the workshop's dates are not stated in the saved sources" }, "count": { "value": "13 writers, 13 stories, 8 weeks", "as_of": "2026-11-01 (site read)" }, "holdings": [ "thirteen stories, each under its writer's name", "a 'learn more' page of findings", "the whitepaper, Creative Writing with an AI-Powered Writing Assistant: Perspectives from Professional Writers" ], "stated_limits": [ "'Wordcraft was designed by engineers at Google with limited feedback from professional writers during its development.'", "it cannot separate interface weaknesses from limits of the underlying model", "it does not test whether the findings extend to other model families", "'our study was very small with only 13 participants, a sample that was biased toward people with pre-existing opinions on the role of AI in creative writing'" ], "answers": [ "how thirteen named professional writers report using a LaMDA-based editor, and how much generated text each workflow admitted, by initials", "under whose names the stories are published and on what consent", "what the writers reported on voice, style and the unknown origin of suggestions" ], "does_not_answer": [ "which sentences of a given story LaMDA generated", "how writers outside this commissioned, provider-organized cohort work", "the source of any suggestion in LaMDA's training data" ], "ls_reading": "The workshop publishes each story under its writer's name, keeps the writers identified by initials in the paper for the sake of their published work, and records workflows ranging from largely generated stories to stories mostly written by their authors; writers feared 'reputational harm' from unknown sources of suggestions. The archive reads it as machine participation declared at the level of the tool and the cohort, with authorship held by the named writer, and as a provider-run record whose own notice separates Google from the content.", "data_access": "free public website with the stories, the findings page and the whitepaper PDF", "license": "not stated in the saved sources (a privacy & terms page is linked and unsaved)", "lifecycle": { "state": "historical", "detail": "a completed eight-week workshop; the site answered on 2026-11-01; no date for the workshop in the saved sources (the paper cites work of 2022)" }, "version_and_time": { "workshop": "eight weeks, date not stated", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT authored by LaMDA: the stories stand under their writers' names", "NOT a neutral census of writers: a provider-organized, commissioned cohort of 13", "NOT a record of which text was generated: workflows are reported by writer, without per-sentence marking", "NOT endorsed by Google in content: the site's own notice" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "wordcraft--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Wordcraft Writers Workshop is a collaboration between Google's PAIR and Magenta teams, and 13 professional writers from a diverse set of creative writing backgrounds." }, "aim": { "src": "wordcraft--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Together we explore the limits of co-writing with LaMDA and foster an honest and earnest conversation about the rapidly changing relationship between technology and creativity." }, "story_first": { "src": "wordcraft--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Author's Note Robin Sloan" }, "story_parrish": { "src": "wordcraft--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Further Frankenstein Variations Allison Parrish" }, "story_last": { "src": "wordcraft--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Some Crimes Aaron Winslow" }, "writers_notice": { "src": "wordcraft--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The writers featured here have used Wordcraft along with their own creative vision and have not authored these stories under any sort of explicit guidance or instruction." }, "endorse": { "src": "wordcraft--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Google does not endorse the content of any of the stories contained on this website." }, "tool": { "src": "wordcraft--learn", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Wordcraft is a tool built by researchers at Google PAIR for writing stories with AI. The application is powered by LaMDA" }, "cohort": { "src": "wordcraft--learn", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The workshop cohort consisted of 13 professional writers, who were given 8 weeks to use Wordcraft." }, "writers_world": { "src": "wordcraft--learn", "basis": "operator", "quote": "we brought together 13 professional English-language writers from around the world to use Wordcraft to write stories" }, "no_instruction": { "src": "wordcraft--learn", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We explicitly didn't give writers any instructions regarding how they should use the tool or how much of their final story text should be directly generated by Wordcraft." }, "conducted": { "src": "wordcraft--learn", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Wordcraft Writers Workshop was conducted by Andy Coenen and Ann Yuan, research engineers on the PAIR team, Daphne Ippolito, a research scientist working with Magenta , and Sehmon Burnam, a product manager at Magenta ." }, "paper_title": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Creative Writing with an AI-Powered Writing Assistant: Perspectives from Professional Writers" }, "commissioned": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "we commissioned 13 professional, published writers from a diverse set of creative writing backgrounds to craft stories using Wordcraft" }, "voice_finding": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "NLG technologies struggle to preserve style and authorial voice, and they lack deep understanding of story contents." }, "initials": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We choose to refer to each participant by their initials (see Table 2) rather than anonymizing them because each writer's perspective is best understood within the context of their background and prior published work." }, "story_length": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Participants were asked to write a story of 1,000-1,500 words using Wordcraft." }, "interviews": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We also conducted two 45 minute interviews with each participant" }, "consent": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Participants consented to their stories being published in a digital literary magazine of human-AI collaborative stories, and to the use of their feedback in the journals and interviews in this whitepaper. Participants were compensated for participating in the study." }, "coding": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Two authors of this paper coded the participants’ journals as well as the authors’ notes from the two interviews." }, "codes": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Our high-level code set included 10 codes" }, "generated_share": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Several participants took the workshop as a challenge to produce a story that was largely formed around generated text (AP, DH, JM, MT, AW)." }, "authored_share": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "the bulk of the story text was written by the authors themselves (KL, WT, NG)." }, "siloed": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "some participants siloed out specific sections of their stories to which generated text could be included without the author needing to cede too much creative control to Wordcraft (RS)." }, "origin_concern": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "professional writers face reputational harm if their work is found to have plagiarized, especially if the copied material came from smaller, more obscure writers." }, "rain_man": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "I finally settled on Rain Man" }, "limit_design": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Wordcraft was designed by engineers at Google with limited feedback from professional writers during its development." }, "limit_disambiguate": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "it is not easily possible to disambiguate weaknesses stemming from Wordcraft’s interface and implementation from inherent limitations of the underlying language model model backing Wordcraft." }, "limit_untested": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "but this study does not test this hypothesis." }, "limit_sample": { "src": "wordcraft--paper", "basis": "operator", "quote": "our study was very small with only 13 participants, a sample that was biased toward people with pre-existing opinions on the role of AI in creative writing." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "rerites", "note": "Allison Parrish, a workshop writer, writes a response essay in ReRites" } ], "unchecked": [ "the thirteen stories themselves (listed on the home page; the story pages are unsaved)", "the privacy & terms page", "the workshop's dates (not stated in the saved sources)", "the paper's appendix of participant biographies was not read in full" ], "sources": { "wordcraft--home": { "url": "https://wordcraft-writers-workshop.appspot.com/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "963e8e672898885abd485b3e88418801e639d13a28908f47c0625130127e94de", "http": "200" }, "wordcraft--learn": { "url": "https://wordcraft-writers-workshop.appspot.com/learn", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "60c4489ee0b1379e821636da87c573a8a76a0ddfdecd4440352480b86256ee8a", "http": "200" }, "wordcraft--paper": { "url": "https://wordcraft-writers-workshop.appspot.com/paper/wordcraft_writers_workshop_paper.pdf", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "3618c2818fd597f4047092aa3f5c9c86308aeb061869683414f8b2dfbfed2664", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "coauthor", "name": "CoAuthor", "aka": [ "CoAuthor: Designing a Human-AI Collaborative Writing Dataset for Exploring Language Model Capabilities" ], "url": "https://coauthor.stanford.edu/", "operator": "Mina Lee, Percy Liang and Qian Yang, authors of the paper that presents the dataset (CHI 2022); the dataset's home page could not be read", "kind": "in the paper's words, 'a dataset designed for revealing GPT-3's capabilities in assisting creative and argumentative writing', with an interface for replaying the writing sessions", "host_relation": "empirical comparator", "record_type": "dataset", "question": "contribution: what a language model contributes to a writing session, read from recorded interactions", "areas": [ "machine-co-authorship", "attribution-and-credit" ], "evidence_kind": [ "interaction dataset", "research paper" ], "unit": "a writing session: the interactions between one writer and one of four instances of GPT-3", "record_object": "interactions between 63 writers and four instances of GPT-3 across 1445 sessions of creative and argumentative writing", "record": { "keeps": "not recorded in the saved source: the abstract counts 63 writers and does not say whether or how they are named", "name": "not recorded", "holder": "the paper states the dataset and a replay interface are 'publicly available'; the dataset's home page and terms could not be read", "function": "the paper frames GPT-3's part as a contribution 'as a writing \"collaborator\" under various definitions of good collaboration', read from recorded interactions; how authorship of a session's text is assigned is not recorded in the saved source" }, "method": "curated interaction logging of writers working with GPT-3 instances, analysed for the model's language, ideation and collaboration capabilities (per the abstract)", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated in the saved source", "period": "the paper: v1 18 January 2022, v2 25 January 2022; CHI 2022; the session dates are not stated" }, "count": { "value": "63 writers, four instances of GPT-3, 1445 writing sessions", "as_of": "arXiv v2, 25 January 2022" }, "holdings": [ "the dataset of 1445 writing sessions", "an interface for replaying the writing sessions", "the CHI 2022 paper" ], "stated_limits": [ "none stated in the saved abstract; the paper notes that LM capabilities are 'highly context-dependent' and 'often subjectively interpreted', the problem the dataset addresses" ], "answers": [ "how GPT-3's contribution to a writing session can be read from recorded interactions, under the paper's definitions of good collaboration", "how many writers, model instances and sessions the dataset holds" ], "does_not_answer": [ "who the writers are, or whether they are named", "how a sustained named poetic practice works: the study population and task setting differ", "the dataset's license and current availability (home page unread)" ], "ls_reading": "The paper records co-writing as a dataset of sessions and reads the model's part as contribution under stated definitions of collaboration; the saved abstract keeps no writer's name. The archive reads it as process evidence of distributed contribution held at the session level, with the persons counted (63) and the question of whose name the text bears left outside the record as saved.", "data_access": "'publicly available' per the paper; the dataset home page (coauthor.stanford.edu) could not be read", "license": "not stated in the saved source", "lifecycle": { "state": "historical", "detail": "a dataset published with a CHI 2022 paper (arXiv v2, 25 January 2022); whether the site and replay interface answer today is unrecorded, since the home page fetch failed on 2026-11-01" }, "founded": "2022 (paper and dataset release)", "version_and_time": { "arxiv_v1": "2022-01-18", "arxiv_v2": "2022-01-25", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a record of named authors: the saved abstract counts writers without naming them", "NOT a sustained literary practice: writing sessions in a study setting", "NOT the model's authorship: the paper reads GPT-3 as 'collaborator' under definitions it sets" ], "evidence": { "kind": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "we present CoAuthor, a dataset designed for revealing GPT-3's capabilities in assisting creative and argumentative writing." }, "count": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "CoAuthor captures rich interactions between 63 writers and four instances of GPT-3 across 1445 writing sessions." }, "function": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We demonstrate that CoAuthor can address questions about GPT-3's language, ideation, and collaboration capabilities, and reveal its contribution as a writing \"collaborator\" under various definitions of good collaboration." }, "problem": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "their highly context-dependent capabilities are difficult to grasp and are often subjectively interpreted." }, "access": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The dataset and an interface for replaying the writing sessions are publicly available at this https URL ." }, "authors": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Authors: Mina Lee , Percy Liang , Qian Yang" }, "venue": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Published as a conference paper at CHI 2022" }, "dates": { "src": "coauthor--arxiv", "basis": "operator", "quote": "[Submitted on 18 Jan 2022 ( v1 ), last revised 25 Jan 2022 (this version, v2)]" } }, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "the dataset home page and replay interface (coauthor--home, coauthor.stanford.edu): the fetch failed with a TLS certificate error (http 000, no text); unread and unquoted", "the paper's full text (only the arXiv abstract page was saved): how writers were recruited and paid, whether they are named, the session format and any keystroke-level logging", "the dataset's license" ], "sources": { "coauthor--arxiv": { "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.06796", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "540bc42e51f2e67f2262d3f3b62afb10efdefd24f7b72925ea916ed4b26e3ff5", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "in2writing", "name": "Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants (In2Writing)", "aka": [ "In2Writing", "in2writing (ACL Anthology venue ID)", "Proceedings of the Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants" ], "url": "https://aclanthology.org/venues/in2writing/", "operator": "the workshop's editors, named per volume (2022: Ting-Hao 'Kenneth' Huang, Vipul Raheja, Dongyeop Kang, John Joon Young Chung, Daniel Gissin, Mina Lee, Katy Ilonka Gero; 2025: Vishakh Padmakumar, Katy Gero, Thiemo Wambsganss, Sarah Sterman, Ting-Hao Huang, David Zhou, John Chung); the proceedings are published by the Association for Computational Linguistics and held in the ACL Anthology, which is managed and built by a team of volunteers", "kind": "a workshop series (an ACL Anthology venue) whose proceedings volumes gather peer papers on intelligent and interactive writing assistants", "areas": [ "machine-co-authorship", "reception-research" ], "host_relation": "empirical comparator", "record_type": "event series", "question": "How do writers work with intelligent writing assistants, and how do readers judge text written with them (process of co-writing, control and ownership, audience evaluation)?", "evidence_kind": [ "research paper", "empirical study" ], "unit": "a paper in a workshop proceedings volume, listed with its authors, abstract, PDF and bibliographic export; each volume has an Anthology ID (the 2025 volume also a DOI and ISBN)", "record_object": "papers on intelligent and interactive writing assistants: 15 in the first workshop (Dublin, May 2022, with ACL's 60th Annual Meeting) and 11 in the fourth (Albuquerque, May 2025, with the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the ACL), on human-AI co-writing, story generation, revision, science and caption writing, writing pedagogy and reader judgements of AI-assisted literary text", "record": { "keeps": "the authorship of the researchers who write the papers, listed by name on each; the papers in turn study the writing of others (study participants, students, novelists, writers using the tools)", "name": "under the authors' names as given on each paper, with editors per volume; the Anthology's navigation links pages on names, ORCID iDs and verified authors, which were not saved, so how it holds a name variant or pseudonym is not recorded", "holder": "the Association for Computational Linguistics as publisher ('ACL materials are Copyright © 1963–2026 ACL'); materials published in or after 2016 are under CC BY 4.0; the Anthology is built by volunteers", "function": "in the record, conventional paper authorship with editors per volume; in the papers held, authorial function under machine participation is a research subject: one 2025 paper concerns 'Control, Ownership, and Awareness in Human- AI Co-Writing', and a 2022 paper says data-to-text technology 'requires the author, asan act of writing, both to configure a systemthat then takes over the transformation into areal text'" }, "method": "peer workshop papers gathered into proceedings volumes; the Anthology lists them with abstracts, PDFs and BibTeX, MODS XML and EndNote export", "coverage": { "geography": "international: workshops in Dublin (2022) and Albuquerque (2025); studies of Tanzanian universities and of Arabic and German writing tools among the papers", "period": "2022 to 2025 as listed on the venue page" }, "count": { "value": "two volumes on the venue page: 15 papers (2022) and 11 papers (2025)", "as_of": "venue page, site last built 30 October 2026" }, "holdings": [ "Proceedings of the First Workshop (In2Writing 2022): 15 papers", "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop (In2Writing 2025): 11 papers", "a 2022 reader study of AI-based and human-written literary continuations (Study 1, N=120; Study 2, N=302)", "a 2025 survey of 1,005 university students on AI writing assistants in Tanzania", "a 2022 human-model interaction dataset and system code for iterative revision (R3)" ], "stated_limits": [ "the venue page states no limit of scope; papers state their own, for example a 2022 story-completion paper calls itself 'a preliminary study'" ], "answers": [ "which papers the workshop published in 2022 and 2025, by whom, with abstracts", "what designs and studies of writing assistants the field presented (co-writing, revision, story generation, reflection)", "one reader-evaluation result: readers were poor at telling AI-based from human continuations, overconfident, and rated AI continuations lower in stylistic quality (The Pure Poet, 2022)" ], "does_not_answer": [ "the second and third workshops: the venue page lists only the first (2022) and fourth (2025) volumes", "how the Anthology holds name variants or pseudonyms (its name pages were not saved)", "how any writer studied attributes a work made with a writing assistant: the papers report study results and hold no attribution records", "anything about sustained named literary practice with a model" ], "ls_reading": "In2Writing holds research on human-AI co-writing under the researchers' bylines, and the writing it studies belongs to participants, students and writers described through tool design, control and ownership; the record keeps the researchers' authorship of papers and holds the studied writers' authorship only as the papers report it. Its 2022 reader study meets #1722's question directly: readers asked whether a literary continuation was 'written with an AI-tool or not' had low accuracy, were overconfident, and judged the AI continuations less well-written.", "data_access": "public ACL Anthology pages; PDFs per paper and per volume; BibTeX, MODS XML and EndNote export; the Anthology names data access and a GitHub repository in its navigation", "license": "'Materials published in or after 2016 are licensed on a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License'; ACL materials copyright ACL", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the latest volume on the venue page is the Fourth Workshop, May 2025; no later volume is listed (site last built 30 October 2026); the state after 2025 is not shown in the saved sources" }, "founded": "2022 (the First Workshop, Dublin, May 2022)", "version_and_time": { "first_workshop": "2022-05", "fourth_workshop": "2025-05", "site_built": "2026-10-30", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT the ACL Anthology as a whole: the row is the workshop series and its proceedings as held there", "NOT a record of literary works: it holds research papers and their study findings", "NOT a complete run on the saved evidence: the venue page lists the first and fourth workshops only", "NOT a policy venue on AI authorship: its papers design and study tools" ], "evidence": { "venue": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants (In2Writing) Acronym: In2Writing Venue ID: in2writing" }, "vol_2025": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants (In2Writing 2025) 11 papers" }, "vol_2022": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Proceedings of the First Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants (In2Writing 2022) 15 papers" }, "license": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Materials published in or after 2016 are licensed on a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ." }, "copyright": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ACL materials are Copyright © 1963–2026 ACL; other materials are copyrighted by their respective copyright holders." }, "volunteers": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The ACL Anthology is managed and built by the ACL Anthology team of volunteers." }, "site_built": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Site last built on 30 October 2026 at 09:40 UTC with commit f54ed9d ." }, "names_nav": { "src": "in2writing--venue", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Anthology identifiers Names ORCID iDs DOIs Verified authors" }, "editors_2025": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Vishakh Padmakumar , Katy Gero , Thiemo Wambsganss , Sarah Sterman , Ting-Hao Huang , David Zhou , John Chung (Editors)" }, "place_2025": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Month: May Year: 2025 Address: Albuquerque, New Mexico, US" }, "naacl_2025": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (2025)" }, "publisher": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Publisher: Association for Computational Linguistics" }, "doi_2025": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "DOI: 10.18653/v1/2025.in2writing-1 ISBN: 979-8-89176-239-8" }, "exports": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Bib Export formats: BibTeX MODS XML EndNote" }, "ownership_paper": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Interaction-Required Suggestions for Control, Ownership, and Awareness in Human- AI Co-Writing" }, "ownership_abstract": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We argue that such interfaces can promote cognitive engagement, agency, and thoughtful decision-making." }, "writer_voice": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "which shifted focus from fixing surface-level issues to maintaining student writer voices." }, "tanzania": { "src": "in2writing--p2025", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Through a structured survey of 1,005 university students, we analyze AI usage patterns" }, "editors_2022": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Ting-Hao 'Kenneth' Huang , Vipul Raheja , Dongyeop Kang , John Joon Young Chung , Daniel Gissin , Mina Lee , Katy Ilonka Gero (Editors)" }, "place_2022": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Month: May Year: 2022 Address: Dublin, Ireland" }, "acl_2022": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics" }, "data_to_text": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "This new technology requires the author, asan act of writing, both to configure a systemthat then takes over the transformation into areal text, but also to maintain strategies of traditional writing." }, "pure_poet_title": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Pure Poet: How Good is the Subjective Credibility and Stylistic Quality of Literary Short Texts Written with an Artificial Intelligence Tool as Compared to Texts Written by Human Authors?" }, "pure_poet_design": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Participants read 9 AI-based continuations and either 9 human-written continuations (Study 1, N=120) or 9 original continuations (Study 2, N=302). Participants’ task was to decide whether a continuation was written with an AI-tool or not" }, "pure_poet_accuracy": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Results showed that participants generally had low accuracy for differentiating between text types but were overconfident in their decisions." }, "pure_poet_quality": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "AI-continuations were perceived as less well-written, inspiring, fascinating, interesting, and aesthetic than both human-written and original continuations." }, "novelist": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The authors of this paper, including a professional novelist, have examined the use of natural language processing to address the problems of novelists from the perspective of practical creative writing." }, "preliminary": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Although this is a preliminary study" }, "r3_dataset": { "src": "in2writing--p2022", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The collected human-model interaction dataset and system code are available at https://github.com/vipulraheja/IteraTeR ." } }, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "the second and third workshop volumes: not listed on the saved venue page and not saved", "the ACL Anthology's FAQ pages on names, ORCID iDs and verified authors (linked in its navigation and unsaved)", "the papers' full texts: only titles, authors and abstracts on the volume pages were read", "any 2026 workshop" ], "sources": { "in2writing--venue": { "url": "https://aclanthology.org/venues/in2writing/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "c88bfca593f596e43262cd8bb50583d4aad57cbe97cdaf488039a44043116c03", "http": "200" }, "in2writing--p2025": { "url": "https://aclanthology.org/volumes/2025.in2writing-1/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "c272cddb9cdcf4ecabfac2db093a26f2e44e616057d455e8eedaec7765e08ebc", "http": "200" }, "in2writing--p2022": { "url": "https://aclanthology.org/2022.in2writing-1", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "952e95d175a400788fb6aa1eb236a6379d50e2a473b407cf16014976c85ea0c7", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "creative-ai-lab-database", "name": "Creative AI Tools & Resources Database (Creative AI Lab)", "aka": [ "Creative AI Lab database", "Creative AI Database", "creative-ai.org" ], "url": "https://proud-paprika-325.notion.site/Creative-AI-Database-241be15d927a480d956c45f30b3d1996", "operator": "the Creative AI Lab, a partnership between Serpentine R&D Platform (Serpentine Galleries, London) and the Department of Digital Humanities, King's College London; supported by AHRC funding and a LAHP-funded PhD scholarship", "kind": "a database of tools for artists, designers, engineers, curators and researchers (Serpentine); an ongoing project to aggregate tools and resources for practitioners incorporating machine learning and other forms of AI into their practice (King's College London)", "areas": [ "machine-co-authorship", "meta-aggregation" ], "host_relation": "peripheral comparator", "record_type": "database", "question": "Which tools and resources are available to artists and researchers who incorporate machine learning into their practice (tool discovery; authorship not recorded in the saved sources)?", "evidence_kind": [ "catalogue" ], "unit": "a tool or resource entry (the database's own unit and fields are unread)", "record_object": "software, research, theory and education at the intersection of art and AI (King's College London); at launch, a list of 65 essential tools contributed by Luba Elliott (HOLO, third party)", "record": { "keeps": "not recorded: the database aggregates tools and resources, and the saved launch reports describe no works or authors held in it", "name": "not recorded: the database's own page was script-rendered and unread", "holder": "the Creative AI Lab (Serpentine and the Department of Digital Humanities, King's College London), funded by the AHRC and a LAHP PhD scholarship", "function": "not recorded for works; the launch report credits a contribution by name, a list of 65 tools 'contributed by creative AI curator and researcher Luba Elliott' (HOLO); the Lab's programme, beside the database, held a discussion on 'creative agency, authorship and ownership' (15 November 2021)" }, "method": "curated aggregation of tools and resources by the Lab and its contributors; the Lab's wider programme runs research workshops, public discussions, writing sessions and online tutorials (R&D Labyrinths)", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated (a London partnership; the Lab also works with the Digital Theory Lab at New York University and Rhizome)", "period": "launched 9 July 2020; 'Ongoing' per Serpentine" }, "count": { "value": "65 essential tools at launch (HOLO, third party); the current count is unread", "as_of": "2020-07-09" }, "holdings": [ "a list of 65 essential tools contributed by Luba Elliott at launch (HOLO)", "resources for software, research, theory and education at the intersection of art and AI (King's College London)", "behind-the-scenes work on Serpentine Digital Commissions that use machine learning or AI (King's College London, quoting Eva Jäger)" ], "stated_limits": [ "its scope is tools and resources for practitioners 'interested in incorporating machine learning (ML) and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI) into their practice'", "the database itself (the Notion page) is script-rendered and saved 6 characters; its entries are unread" ], "answers": [ "that the Lab launched a database of creative AI tools and resources on 9 July 2020, and who runs and funds it", "that its launch list of 65 tools was contributed by a named curator", "what the Lab's research questions are (AI/ML tools and artistic practice, curatorial change, critical practice, aesthetics)" ], "does_not_answer": [ "which tools or resources the database now holds (unread)", "whose works were made with those tools, or under what name", "how authorship of AI-made art is attributed in the Lab's commissions", "whether the database is still maintained: the saved sources say 'Ongoing' and show no entry dates" ], "ls_reading": "The database records tools for making with machine learning, and the saved launch reports show no record of works or of how their authorship is attributed; it meets the census question only at its edge, where the Lab's programme asks about 'creative agency, authorship and ownership' and where the launch credits a named curator for a contribution. The row rests on launch reports from HOLO, King's College London and Serpentine: the database itself is unread.", "data_access": "an online database on a public Notion page (script-rendered); a website, creative-ai.org, named by King's College London", "license": "not stated in the saved sources", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "Serpentine lists the Lab '9 Jul 2020 – Ongoing'; the latest dated item on the saved Serpentine page is a 2023 position paper; the database's current state is unread" }, "founded": "2020 (launched 9 July 2020)", "version_and_time": { "launched": "2020-07-09", "position_paper": "2023", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT read from the database itself: the Notion page is script-rendered and unread; the row rests on launch reports", "NOT a record of works or authors: it aggregates tools and resources", "NOT the Creative AI Lab as a whole: the Lab's events, tutorials and position paper are its wider programme", "NOT independent of the Lab: King's College London and Serpentine are the Lab's partners; HOLO is the third party" ], "evidence": { "holo_launch": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--holo", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Serpentine R&D Platform, in collaboration with the Department of Digital Humanities, King’s College London, launches the Creative AI Lab database" }, "holo_aggregate": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--holo", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "to aggregate tools and resources for artists, engineers, curators & researchers interested in incorporating machine learning and other forms of artificial intelligence into their practice." }, "holo_65_tools": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--holo", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "One of the launch highlights is a list of 65 essential tools, contributed by creative AI curator and researcher Luba Elliott." }, "holo_date": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--holo", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Creative AI Lab: Serpentine and King’s College launch database ● 09/07/2020" }, "holo_self": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--holo", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "HOLO is an editorial and curatorial platform" }, "kcl_launch": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl", "basis": "operator", "quote": "On Thursday 9 July the Creative AI Lab launches its website presenting a database for software, research, theory and education at the intersection of art and AI." }, "kcl_collaboration": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Creative AI Lab is a collaboration of the Department of Digital Humanities at King’s College London with the Serpentine." }, "kcl_ongoing": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Creative AI Lab database is an ongoing project to aggregate tools and resources for artists, engineers, curators & researchers interested in incorporating machine learning (ML) and other forms of artificial intelligence (AI) into their practice." }, "kcl_hidden": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl", "basis": "operator", "quote": "With the Creative AI Lab we have an opportunity to share some of the behind-the-scenes work that’s gone into producing Digital Commissions that use machine learning and/or artificial intelligence." }, "kcl_jager": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Eva Jäger, Arts Technologies Assistant Curator - Serpentine" }, "kcl_funding": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The project is supported by funding from the AHRC and by a LAHP funded PhD scholarship." }, "kcl_website": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The research into available tools and creative practices we publish today on the website creative-ai.org will support the work of artists and cultural institutions alike." }, "serp_programme": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Creative AI lab is a research programme for cultural institutions, artists, engineers, and researchers with an interest in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)." }, "serp_database": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "produce the Creative AI Tools & Resources Database , a database of tools for artists, designers, engineers, curators and researchers" }, "serp_questions": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "how AI/ML tools can support artistic practices how artistic and curatorial practices are changing due to AI/ML creative AI/ML as a critical practice the aesthetics of AI/ML" }, "serp_partnership": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Creative AI Lab is a partnership between Serpentine R&D Platform and the Department of Digital Humanities, King’s College London." }, "serp_partners": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Digital Theory Lab, New York University Rhizome , New Museum, New York" }, "serp_ongoing": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "9 Jul 2020 – Ongoing" }, "serp_authorship_event": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Join us online for a discussion around the impact of artificial intelligence on human-centered notions of creative agency, authorship and ownership." }, "serp_event_date": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Tactical Entanglements: Creative AI Lab in conversation with Martin Zeilinger Online 15 Nov 2021" }, "serp_tutorials": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "run online tutorials known as R&D Labyrinths" }, "serp_position_paper": { "src": "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Creative AI Position paper 2023" } }, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "creative-ai-lab-database--notion (the database's own Notion page): http 200 with 6 characters of text (script-rendered); unread and unquoted, so the row rests on the launch reports (HOLO, King's College London, Serpentine)", "the website creative-ai.org (named by King's College London and unsaved)", "the 2023 Creative AI position paper (a download, not saved)", "the database's entries, fields and present count" ], "sources": { "creative-ai-lab-database--holo": { "url": "https://www.holo.mg/?p=631", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "3c4ee84973cc8605ee2854eacfa1e182cb5ffb64005ff7c1bdc316a3f2342920", "http": "200" }, "creative-ai-lab-database--kcl": { "url": "https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/the-department-of-digital-humanities-and-the-serpentine-launch-creative-ai-lab-website", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "51fff0bbedd32966718b20e31f848881952322870087ecb2df5b78e0ec165bbd", "http": "200" }, "creative-ai-lab-database--serpentine": { "url": "https://www.serpentinegalleries.org/whats-on/creative-ai-lab/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "22f3217cec73cee1226acdc5f894c165f6461fd6e82349e60b4c5cc52e213bba", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "orcid-names", "name": "ORCID", "aka": [ "Open Researcher and Contributor ID", "ORCID iD", "orcid.org", "ORCID, Inc." ], "url": "https://orcid.org/", "operator": "ORCID, Inc., incorporated as an independent nonprofit organization in August 2010 in Delaware, with an international board of directors (Wikipedia, third party; ORCID's own support page was refused)", "kind": "a nonproprietary persistent identifier, in the form of an alphanumeric code, to uniquely identify authors and contributors of scholarly communication, with a website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output (Wikipedia, third party)", "areas": [ "attribution-and-credit" ], "evidence_kind": [ "identity registry" ], "unit": "an ORCID iD, a 16-character identifier specified as a URL, attached to a registered user's record (a 'digital curriculum vitae' hosted by ORCID and edited by the user)", "record_object": "authors and contributors of scholarly communication in the sciences and humanities, with their contributions and other user-supplied information; peer review activity is credited to it by some publishers (Springer Nature, 2021)", "record": { "keeps": "the scholarly contributions of the registered person, as the user maintains them and as publishers, DataCite and Crossref add them", "name": "not recorded in the saved sources: the article says ORCID answers the problem that personal names are not unique, change (as with marriage), differ in order across cultures and are abbreviated inconsistently, and gives the identifier as 'a persistent identity for humans'; how an ORCID record holds a published name, a pseudonym or other names is the subject of the support page, which was refused (http 403) and is unread", "holder": "ORCID, Inc., which hosts the record; the user edits it; member organizations (research institutions, publishers, funders) integrate it, and some publishers and funders require it", "function": "not recorded as authorship: the iD resolves a contributor's identity across publications; the article records the contribution as the contributor's through the person's identifier and says nothing of how the authorial function or responsibility is constituted" }, "method": "registration by the person; the user maintains the record; publishers and DOI registries (DataCite, Crossref) update records when an ORCID iD is found in newly registered DOI names; member organizations integrate the iD in their workflows", "coverage": { "geography": "international; national implementations named in Italy and Australia, and the French repository HAL invites ORCID iDs (Wikipedia)", "period": "announced 2009; registry launched 16 October 2012" }, "count": { "value": "14,727,479 live accounts; 1258 member organizations", "as_of": "2 August 2022 (Wikipedia, third party; no later figure in the saved source)" }, "holdings": [ "14,727,479 live accounts as of 2 August 2022", "1258 member organizations as of 2 August 2022", "identifiers drawn from a block of ISNI reserved for ORCID", "some data retrievable as RDF/XML, RDF Turtle, XML or JSON" ], "stated_limits": [ "the only stated scope is scholarly communication: 'authors and contributors of scholarly communication' (Wikipedia, third party)", "the saved source states no limit on names or pseudonyms; the support page that would state it is unread" ], "answers": [ "whether two scholarly works are credited to the same registered contributor, through one identifier", "that the identifier answers the name-ambiguity problem of non-unique, changing and variously ordered personal names (as the article states it)", "how many accounts and members ORCID reported in 2022" ], "does_not_answer": [ "how an ORCID record holds a pseudonym, a heteronym or several published names (the support page is unread)", "whether an identifier corresponds to one civil person or to an authorial function", "who wrote a work, or what each contributor did", "anything outside scholarly communication" ], "ls_reading": "As the third-party article describes it, ORCID binds contributions to 'a persistent identity for humans', which resolves the person behind several names; whether that resolution keeps a chosen name as the author's own or reduces it to the civil person is the open question #940 asks of identity infrastructure, and the source that would answer it, ORCID's own page on names, was refused. The article's identity model is disambiguation of persons, and it records nothing of a distinct authorial function.", "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "registry", "question": "Which registered contributor does a scholarly work belong to, across name variants (identity resolution; name preservation unread)?", "data_access": "the ORCID website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output; some data retrievable as RDF/XML, RDF Turtle, XML or JSON; code on GitHub (Wikipedia, third party)", "license": "not stated in the saved sources; Wikipedia describes ORCID as freely usable and interoperable with other ID systems", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "announced 2009; ORCID, Inc. incorporated August 2010; registry launched and identifiers issued from 16 October 2012; board chaired from 2026 by Heath Marks (Wikipedia, last edited 19 October 2026)" }, "founded": "2010 (ORCID, Inc. incorporated); registry launched 16 October 2012", "version_and_time": { "announced": "2009", "incorporated": "2010-08", "registry_launch": "2012-10-16", "count": "2022-08-02", "wikipedia_last_edited": "2026-10-19", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT ORCID's own account: the row rests on the Wikipedia article, a third party, because ORCID's support page returned http 403", "NOT a record of how pseudonyms or heteronyms are held: the source that would show it is unread", "NOT a record of authorial function or contribution roles: it resolves contributor identity", "NOT a register of literary authorship generally: its stated scope is scholarly communication" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The ORCID ( / ˈ ɔːr k ɪ d / ⓘ ; Open Researcher and Contributor ID ) is a nonproprietary persistent identifier , in the form of an alphanumeric code, to uniquely identify authors and contributors of scholarly communication ." }, "name_problem": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This addresses the problem that a particular author's contributions to the scientific literature or humanities publications can be hard to recognize, as most personal names are not unique, they can change ( such as with marriage ), have cultural differences in name order, contain inconsistent use of first-name abbreviations and employ different writing systems ." }, "persistent_identity": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "It provides a persistent identity for humans, similar to tax ID numbers, that are created for content-related entities on digital networks by digital object identifiers (DOIs)." }, "lookup": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The ORCID system includes a website and services to look up authors and their bibliographic output (and other user-supplied pieces of information)." }, "code_for_people": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "ORCID aims to provide a persistent code for people," }, "cv": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "a constantly updated 'digital curriculum vitae' providing a picture of their contributions to science going far beyond the simple publication list\", [ 8 ] hosted by ORCID, edited by the user." }, "announced": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "ORCID was first announced in 2009 as a collaborative effort by publishers of scholarly research \"to resolve the author name ambiguity problem in scholarly communication\"." }, "operator": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "ORCID, Inc. was incorporated as an independent nonprofit organization in August 2010 in Delaware, United States of America, with an international board of directors." }, "board": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "From 2026, the board is chaired by Heath Marks of the Australian Access Federation" }, "freely_usable": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "ORCID is freely usable and interoperable with other ID systems." }, "launch": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "On 16 October 2012, ORCID launched its registry services" }, "count": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "As of 2 August 2022 [ update ] , ORCID reported 1258 member organizations and 14,727,479 live accounts." }, "unit": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Formally, ORCID IDs are specified as URLs," }, "fictitious_example": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "the ORCID ID for Josiah S. Carberry (a fictitious professor used in examples and testing) is https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1825-0097" }, "isni": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "ORCID IDs are a subset of the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI)," }, "two_isnis": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "It is therefore possible for a person to legitimately have both an ISNI and an ORCID ID [ 35 ] [ 36 ] – effectively, two ISNIs." }, "publishers_require": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "publishers that signed this open letter committed to requiring ORCID iDs following specific implementation standards" }, "funders": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Grant-making bodies such as the Wellcome Trust (a charitable foundation) also mandate that applicants for funding provide an ORCID identifier." }, "peer_review": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "support verifying and crediting your [peer] review activity directly from our manuscript submission systems to ORCID" }, "doi_update": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "In October 2015, DataCite , Crossref and ORCID announced that the former organisations would update ORCID records, \"when an ORCID identifier is found in newly registered DOI names\"." }, "data_access": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Some ORCID data may also be retrieved as RDF/XML , RDF Turtle , XML or JSON ." }, "wikidata": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Both Wikipedia and Wikidata include pages with ORCID identifiers." }, "wp_last_edited": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 19 October 2026, at 03:57" } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "used_by", "target": "wikidata-pseudonym", "note": "Wikipedia's ORCID article states that Wikidata includes pages with ORCID identifiers; the row wikidata-pseudonym records one Wikidata property, and the saved sources do not show the two used together on one item" } ], "unchecked": [ "orcid-names--support (https://support.orcid.org/hc/articles/360006973853): http 403, a bot check ('Just a moment...', 16 characters); ORCID's own account of names on a record (published name, other names, pseudonyms) is unread and unquoted, and the row's name field stays 'not recorded' for that reason", "ORCID's own pages generally (orcid.org): not saved; operator, counts and dates come from Wikipedia, a third party", "any count later than 2 August 2022", "the licence of ORCID's public data" ], "sources": { "orcid-names--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORCID", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "08dcd844e53103479bb54928f0989b0e16dde444b70b83a4300f4e9c42c7fca2", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "isni", "name": "ISNI (International Standard Name Identifier)", "aka": [ "ISNI", "ISO 27729", "ISNI International Agency (ISNI-IA)", "isni.org" ], "url": "https://isni.org/", "operator": "ISNI International Agency (ISNI-IA) Limited, registered c/o EDItEUR, London (company 07476425); per Wikipedia (third party) a UK not-for-profit company limited by guarantee founded by CISAC, CENL, IFRRO, IPDA, OCLC and ProQuest, with registration agencies appointed by it that deal with applicants", "kind": "the ISO certified global standard number for identifying the millions of contributors to creative works and those active in their distribution (its own words); ISO 27729", "areas": [ "attribution-and-credit", "heteronymy" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "registry", "question": "Which public identity (a name, a pseudonym, an imprint) is a contributor recorded under, so that works can be attributed to it across repertoires (name disambiguation)?", "evidence_kind": [ "identity registry" ], "unit": "an ISNI, 16 digits (15 digits and a check character), assigned to a public identity: an individual, a pseudonym, or an organization or group", "record_object": "the public identities of contributors to creative works and those active in their distribution (researchers, inventors, writers, artists, visual creators, performers, producers, publishers, aggregators): public records of more than 16.6 million identities, with direct contributions from 100 sources", "record": { "keeps": "the public identities of contributors, so that 'every published work can be unambiguously attributed to its creator wherever that work is described'", "name": "under the public name: the ISNI-IA mission is to assign an identifier 'to the public name(s)' of a contributor; Wikipedia (third party) says an ISNI can identify 'a single identity (such as an author's pseudonym or the imprint used by a publisher )' and that 'If an author has published under several different names or pseudonyms, each such name will receive its own ISNI'; the same article gives a performer who also writes music and poems 'a single linking ISNI record'; whether the separate ISNIs of one author's names are linked to one another or to a civil person is not shown in the saved sources; a Gender Identities Policy is linked from the home page and was not saved", "holder": "ISNI-IA, through registration agencies that control access to the assignment system, deal with customers and recompense ISNI-IA, appointed by it and funded independently (Wikipedia); a subset of the data is under CC0 (Wikipedia)", "function": "not recorded as authorship: the identifier resolves name ambiguity and attributes works 'to its creator'; it records no authorial function, voice or responsibility distinct from the identity it identifies" }, "method": "assignment through registration agencies (national libraries, book-trade and music-industry services, WIPO, YouTube and others) using a system of user interface, data schema, disambiguation algorithms and database 'based primarily on the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)' (Wikipedia); direct data contributions from 100 sources", "coverage": { "geography": "global: 'across all repertoires in the global supply chain'", "period": "standard published 15 March 2012 (Wikipedia)" }, "count": { "value": "public records of more than 16.6 million identities (headline 16.69 million); over 14.6 million individuals, of which over 2.9 million researchers; 2,076,462 organizations or groups; 100 direct sources", "as_of": "home page read 2026-11-01 (figures undated); Wikipedia's coverage table ends at 2025-10-13 with 16.4 million identities" }, "holdings": [ "public records of more than 16.6 million identities", "over 14.6 million individuals, of which over 2.9 million researchers", "2,076,462 organizations or groups", "direct contributions from 100 sources" ], "stated_limits": [ "its scope is public identities: the mission assigns identifiers 'to the public name(s)' of contributors", "the saved home page states no rule on pseudonyms; its FAQs, data quality procedures and Gender Identities Policy were not saved" ], "answers": [ "whether a public name of a contributor has an ISNI, and which works are attributed to it", "that, per Wikipedia, each published name or pseudonym of an author receives its own ISNI", "how many identities, individuals and organizations ISNI holds" ], "does_not_answer": [ "whether the ISNIs of one author's several names are linked to one another or to a civil person (not shown in the saved sources)", "whether a name is a pseudonym or a heteronym in #940's sense: the record identifies a public identity and records no authorial function", "how ISNI handles a name whose bearer is a collective or a machine-participating function (not in the saved sources)", "what its Gender Identities Policy provides (unread)" ], "ls_reading": "ISNI identifies public identities and, by Wikipedia's account, gives each published name or pseudonym of an author its own ISNI, so a chosen name can stand on the record as its own identifier; the saved sources do not show whether those identifiers are linked back to one person, and the single linking record for a performer who also writes shows the system's other direction, one identity across several functions. In #940's terms ISNI can keep the label unreduced on the record; it records no distinct authorial function, and its stated aim is attribution of each work 'to its creator'.", "data_access": "public database search and an ISNI request service on isni.org; Linked Data named in its resources; a subset of the data under CC0 (Wikipedia)", "license": "a subset of the data is available under CC0 (Wikipedia, third party); not stated on the saved home page", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the home page (read 2026-11-01) carries news of new assignment services (CBL in Latin America, Bowker for the book industry) and a February 2026 press release on guidance for authors; standard published 15 March 2012" }, "founded": "2012 (ISO 27729 published 15 March 2012, per Wikipedia)", "version_and_time": { "standard_published": "2012-03-15", "press_release": "2026-02", "wikipedia_last_edited": "2026-10-13", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a record of authorial function: it identifies a public identity and attributes works to it", "NOT shown to keep an author's several names apart from the civil person: the linking of one author's ISNIs is not in the saved sources", "NOT ORCID: ORCID iDs are drawn from a block of ISNI (ORCID's Wikipedia article), and ORCID is its own row", "NOT VIAF: the assignment system is based primarily on VIAF, which is its own row" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ISNI is the ISO certified global standard number for identifying the millions of contributors to creative works and those active in their distribution, including researchers, inventors, writers, artists, visual creators, performers, producers, publishers, aggregators, and more." }, "iso": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "As ISO 27729, it is part of a family of international standard identifiers" }, "mission": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The mission of the ISNI International Agency (ISNI-IA) is to assign to the public name(s) of a researcher, inventor, writer, artist, performer, publisher, etc. a persistent unique identifying number in order to resolve the problem of name ambiguity in search and discovery" }, "attributed": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "so that every published work can be unambiguously attributed to its creator wherever that work is described." }, "identities": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ISNI holds public records of more than 16.6 million identities" }, "headline": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "16.69 million" }, "individuals": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ISNI holds public records of over 14.6 million individuals (of which over 2.9 million are researchers)" }, "organizations": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ISNI holds public records of 2,076,462 organizations or groups" }, "sources": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The ISNI database is a cross-domain resource with direct contributions from 100 sources" }, "press_2026": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ISNI Press Release, February 2026: The ISNI International Agency Launches Guidance to Help Authors and Creators Protect Their Digital Identity" }, "news_bowker": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Bowker Launches New International ISNI Assignment Service for the Book Industry" }, "operator": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ISNI International Agency (ISNI-IA) LIMITED Registered address: c/o EDItEUR, United House, North Road, London, N7 9DP, UK Company registration number: 07476425" }, "gender_policy": { "src": "isni--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Gender Identities Policy" }, "wp_public_identities": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The International Standard Name Identifier ( ISNI ) is an identifier system for uniquely identifying the public identities of contributors to media content such as books , television programmes , and newspaper articles." }, "wp_standard": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "the valid standard was published on 15 March 2012." }, "wp_format": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "ISNI consists of 15 digits followed by a check character." }, "wp_pseudonym": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The ISNI allows a single identity (such as an author's pseudonym or the imprint used by a publisher ) to be identified using a unique number." }, "wp_linking_record": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "An example of the use of such a number is the identification of a musical performer who is also a writer both of music and of poems. While they might be identified in various databases using numerous private and public identification systems, under the ISNI system, they would have a single linking ISNI record." }, "wp_each_name": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "If an author has published under several different names or pseudonyms, each such name will receive its own ISNI." }, "wp_founders": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This UK registered, not-for-profit company has been founded by a consortium of organisations consisting of the Confédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Auteurs et Compositeurs (CISAC), the Conference of European National Librarians (CENL), the International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO), the International Performers Database Association (IPDA), the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) and ProQuest ." }, "wp_viaf": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The system is based primarily on the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) service, which has been developed by OCLC for use in the aggregation of library catalogues." }, "wp_agencies": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Access to the assignment system and database, and to the numbers that are generated as the output of the process, are controlled by independent bodies known as registration agencies." }, "wp_agencies_funded": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Registration agencies are appointed by ISNI-IA but will be managed and funded independently." }, "wp_cc0": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "A subset of the data is available under CC0 ." }, "wp_wipo": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "In 2024, WIPO became an ISNI Registration Agency, enabling its network of Collective Management Organizations around the world to assign ISNI IDs to creators." }, "wp_coverage_2025": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "2025-10-13 [ 26 ] 16.4 14.3 2,017,936" }, "wp_wikidata": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Wikidata has the property: ISNI (P213)" }, "wp_last_edited": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 13 October 2026, at 13:38" }, "orcid_subset": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "ORCID IDs are a subset of the International Standard Name Identifier (ISNI)," } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "uses", "target": "viaf", "note": "the ISNI assignment system is 'based primarily on' VIAF (Wikipedia, ISNI article)" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "orcid-names", "note": "ORCID iDs are a subset of ISNI, drawn from a block reserved for ORCID (Wikipedia, ORCID article)" }, { "rel": "used_by", "target": "wikidata", "note": "Wikidata has the property ISNI (P213) (Wikipedia, ISNI article)" } ], "unchecked": [ "ISNI's own FAQs, data quality procedures, guidance for practitioners and the February 2026 guidance for authors (linked and unsaved)", "the Gender Identities Policy (linked from the home page, not saved)", "any ISNI record for a pseudonym, and whether it links to other names of the same author", "the date of the home page's key statistics" ], "sources": { "isni--home": { "url": "https://isni.org/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "c6fa28e3c6f49acd5ef4302b2fb4e9fc9f2c9e631fd5a8f204272e041c9483d6", "http": "200" }, "isni--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "24575f41df3842882f13ba8caf11d4a96c70fa16c4ab360583625a4049035f6a", "http": "200" }, "orcid-names--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORCID", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "08dcd844e53103479bb54928f0989b0e16dde444b70b83a4300f4e9c42c7fca2", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "viaf", "name": "Virtual International Authority File (VIAF)", "aka": [ "VIAF", "viaf.org" ], "url": "https://viaf.org/", "operator": "OCLC (Online Computer Library Center), operating a joint project of several national libraries; a service of OCLC since 4 April 2012 (Wikipedia, third party; viaf.org refused the fetch with http 403)", "kind": "an international authority file (Wikipedia, third party)", "areas": [ "attribution-and-credit", "meta-aggregation" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "index", "question": "Which authority records in national and other authority files refer to the same entity, and under which see and see-also forms (name authority linking)?", "evidence_kind": [ "identity registry", "catalogue" ], "unit": "a VIAF record: a cluster with a standard data number that links identical authority records from the participating files, contains the primary 'see' and 'see also' records from the original documents and refers to the original authority records (Wikipedia)", "record_object": "authority records from national libraries and other participating organizations, among them the Library of Congress NACO, the German National Library (GND), the Bibliothèque nationale de France, ISNI, the Getty Union List of Artist Names, the Perseus Project and Wikidata (marked 'citation needed') (Wikipedia)", "record": { "keeps": "not a holder of works: it links the authority records that participating libraries keep for names", "name": "under the forms the participating authority files give: a VIAF record 'contains the primary \"see\" and \"see also\" records from the original documents'; the saved source does not say how a pseudonym or heteronym is held, as a see or see-also form of one cluster or as a cluster of its own; clusters 'may coalesce or split' as the monthly clustering algorithm runs", "holder": "OCLC, as a service since 4 April 2012; the authority records come from the participating libraries; the data is made available online for research, data exchange and sharing", "function": "not recorded: the file links records that are judged identical across data sets; Borgman, as Wikipedia quotes her, notes that VIAF is 'led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators'; nothing on authorial function or responsibility" }, "method": "algorithmic clustering, run monthly, of authority records from participating national and other authority files into one virtual authority file; reciprocal updating by OAI-PMH", "coverage": { "geography": "international: participants listed in the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, East Asia and Oceania", "period": "proof of concept from April 1998; consortium formed 6 August 2003" }, "count": { "value": "not stated in the saved source", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "links of national authority files (such as the GND) into 'a single virtual authority file'", "participants listed by Wikipedia, including LC NACO, GND, BnF, ISNI, Getty ULAN and Wikidata", "file numbers added to Wikipedia biographical articles and incorporated into Wikidata" ], "stated_limits": [ "clusters of authority records 'may coalesce or split', so the VIAF identifier of some records fluctuates (Wikipedia, third party)", "viaf.org's own statements are unread: the fetch was blocked by Cloudflare (http 403)" ], "answers": [ "which participating authority files hold records for a name, as linked into one cluster", "what VIAF is and who runs it, as a third party describes it", "that cluster identifiers can change as clusters coalesce or split" ], "does_not_answer": [ "how VIAF holds a pseudonym or heteronym: as a see or see-also form of the bearer's cluster, or as a cluster of its own (not in the saved source)", "whether a given chosen name has stayed distinct or been merged by the clustering algorithm", "how many clusters or records it holds (not in the saved source)", "anything from VIAF's own pages (refused)" ], "ls_reading": "VIAF, as Wikipedia describes it, resolves a name across library authority files by linking records judged identical into one cluster, with see and see-also forms carried from the source records; that is identity resolution led by libraries, and the saved source does not show whether a pseudonym or heteronym stays a distinct cluster or folds into its bearer's. Clusters that 'coalesce or split' mean an authorial name can be merged with another by algorithm, the collapse #940 names, or separated again; which happens to a given name is not recorded here.", "data_access": "online, for research, data exchange and sharing; reciprocal updating by OAI-PMH; data dumps (Wikipedia; viaf.org unread)", "license": "not stated in the saved source", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "a service of OCLC since 4 April 2012 per Wikipedia (last edited 19 June 2026); viaf.org blocked the fetch on 2026-11-01, so its present state is not read from its own pages; the ISNI article tags one viaf.org URL pattern as a dead link (October 2025)" }, "founded": "2003 (consortium formed 6 August 2003; initiated April 1998 by the Library of Congress, the German National Library and OCLC), per Wikipedia", "version_and_time": { "initiated": "1998-04", "consortium": "2003-08-06", "oclc_service": "2012-04-04", "wikipedia_last_edited": "2026-06-19", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT VIAF's own account: the row rests on the Wikipedia article, a third party, because viaf.org returned http 403", "NOT shown to keep a pseudonym or heteronym as a distinct entity: the saved source says nothing of pseudonyms", "NOT a stable identifier in every case: clusters coalesce or split monthly", "NOT led by authors: it is led by libraries (Borgman, quoted by Wikipedia)", "NOT ISNI: ISNI is a participant and its assignment system is based on VIAF; it is its own row" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The Virtual International Authority File ( VIAF ) is an international authority file . It is a joint project of several national libraries, operated by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)." }, "link_not_build": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "After several failed attempts to develop a unique joint authority file, the new idea was to link existing national authorities." }, "initiated": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The project was initiated by the American Library of Congress (LC), the German National Library (DNB), and the OCLC in April 1998 as a proof-of-concept that authority records can be linked." }, "consortium": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "on 6 August 2003," }, "oclc_service": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The project transitioned to being a service of OCLC on 4 April 2012." }, "aim": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The aim is to link the national authority files (such as the German Integrated Authority File ) to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together." }, "record": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "A VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary \"see\" and \"see also\" records from the original documents, and refers to the original authority records." }, "access": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The data is made available online and is available for research and, data exchange and sharing. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting (OAI-PMH) protocol." }, "wikidata": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata ." }, "borgman": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Christine L. Borgman groups VIAF with the International Standard Name Identifier and ORCID systems, describing all three as \"loosely coordinated efforts to standardize name forms\"." }, "libraries_led": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "She notes that VIAF, unlike the other two systems, is led by libraries, as opposed to individual authors or creators." }, "clusters": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "VIAF's clustering algorithm is run every month. As more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records." }, "participant_isni": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "International Standard Name Identifier ISNI – London United Kingdom" }, "participant_lc": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Library of Congress NACO consortium (Name Authority Cooperative Program) LCCN" }, "participant_ulan": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Union List of Artist Names – Getty Research Institute ULAN JPG" }, "participant_wikidata": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Wikidata [ citation needed ] WKP" }, "wp_last_edited": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 19 June 2026, at 19:30" }, "isni_based_on_viaf": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The system is based primarily on the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF) service, which has been developed by OCLC for use in the aggregation of library catalogues." }, "dead_link": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Dead link tagged October 2025" } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "used_by", "target": "isni", "note": "the ISNI assignment system is based primarily on VIAF (Wikipedia, ISNI article); ISNI is also listed as a VIAF participant" }, { "rel": "uses", "target": "wikidata", "note": "Wikidata is listed among VIAF's participants, marked 'citation needed' (Wikipedia)" }, { "rel": "used_by", "target": "wikidata", "note": "VIAF file numbers are incorporated into Wikidata (Wikipedia)" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "orcid-names", "note": "Borgman groups VIAF with ISNI and ORCID as efforts to standardize name forms (Wikipedia)" } ], "unchecked": [ "viaf--home (https://viaf.org/): http 403, a Cloudflare block page (782 characters); unread and unquoted, so the row rests on Wikipedia, a third party", "any VIAF cluster for a pseudonym or heteronym, and how its see and see-also forms are given", "the number of VIAF clusters and records", "VIAF's licence and terms of use" ], "sources": { "viaf--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "d506ac21de7d3c5c673cc75d04ad77a5d6a1cfd3c05675c16576219293ea1fb9", "http": "200" }, "isni--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "24575f41df3842882f13ba8caf11d4a96c70fa16c4ab360583625a4049035f6a", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "wikidata", "name": "Wikidata", "aka": [ "wikidata.org", "Wikidata knowledge graph" ], "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/", "operator": "hosted and owned by the Wikimedia Foundation and developed mainly by Wikimedia Deutschland (Wikipedia, third party); its data is entered and maintained by Wikidata editors, who decide the rules of content creation and management, and by automated bots (its own introduction)", "kind": "a free, collaborative, multilingual, secondary knowledge base, collecting structured data (its own words); a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph (Wikipedia, third party)", "areas": [ "attribution-and-credit", "heteronymy", "meta-aggregation" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "database", "question": "What sourced statements does a structured knowledge base hold about a person or work, including the names a person used (property P742, pseudonym) and identifiers in other authority files?", "evidence_kind": [ "identity registry", "wiki" ], "unit": "an item (a Q-number) with a label, a description, optional aliases, statements (property-value pairs with qualifiers, references and rank) and sitelinks; a name a person used is a statement on that person's item, with property P742 (pseudonym) and a string value", "record_object": "items for any topic, concept or object: more than 123 million data entities as of October 2026; items for scholarly articles are the largest part, followed by biographies (Wikipedia); statements with their sources and connections to other databases", "record": { "keeps": "not a holder of works: it holds statements about items, among them works and persons; a statement can pair a property such as 'author' with a person as value", "name": "as data on the bearer's item: an item has a label (labels need not be unique; the label with its description must be), a description and any number of aliases; the pseudonym property P742 ('alias used by someone') stores a pen name, stage name or, by its own alias list, a 'heteronym' as a string of up to 100 characters on the item of the human, character, group of humans or other allowed subject who used it, with optional qualifiers such as 'applies to work', start time and end time; whether a heteronym is given an item of its own, and how that item links to its bearer, is not shown in the saved sources", "holder": "the Wikimedia Foundation as host and owner; structured data in the main, Property, Lexeme and EntitySchema namespaces under CC0, reusable without permission; editors decide the rules of content", "function": "not recorded as authorial function: an 'author' statement links a work to an item, and P742 records that a name was used by the item's subject; the saved sources give no place for a voice, corpus or responsibility distinct from that subject" }, "method": "community editing and bot imports ('a large proportion of the data on Wikidata consists of entries imported en masse from other databases by Internet bots', Wikipedia), with references recorded on statements, ranks, and property constraints treated as alerts", "coverage": { "geography": "multilingual and global", "period": "launched 29 October 2012" }, "count": { "value": "more than 123 million data entities (October 2026); about 116 million items (2025); 1.65 billion item statements (early 2025, marked 'verification needed')", "as_of": "October 2026 (Wikipedia, third party)" }, "holdings": [ "more than 123 million data entities, such as items, properties and lexemes (October 2026)", "items for scholarly articles (the largest part) and biographies", "more than 1.7 million lexemes in 1,568 languages (October 2026)", "identifier properties linking items to external authority files, among them ISNI (P213) and VIAF file numbers", "property P742 (pseudonym), with 'heteronym' among its aliases" ], "stated_limits": [ "constraints 'are treated as testing alerts and hints, rather than inviolable rules' (Wikipedia, third party)", "on P742, the citation-needed constraint has the status of a 'suggestion constraint'", "the notability policy decides what kind of data belongs (named in the introduction, not saved)" ], "answers": [ "what sourced statements Wikidata holds about a person or work", "under which pseudonyms (P742) a person is recorded, with the qualifiers given", "which identifiers in other authority files (ISNI, VIAF, ORCID) an item carries", "how its data model holds a pen name or heteronym: as a string on the bearer's item" ], "does_not_answer": [ "whether a name is a pseudonym or a heteronym in #940's sense: P742's aliases treat the two as one", "whether a heteronym has an item of its own, and how it links to its bearer (not in the saved sources)", "whether any given statement is sourced: references are optional and citation on P742 is a suggestion", "how authorial function, voice or responsibility is distributed in a work" ], "ls_reading": "Wikidata holds a chosen name as data about its bearer: the pseudonym property P742 lists 'heteronym' among its aliases with pen name and stage name and stores the name as a string on the item of the person who used it, so in #940's terms the data model keeps the label and records it as a pseudonym of one function. The saved sources do not show whether a heteronym is given an item of its own or how such an item would stand to its civil bearer.", "data_access": "public wiki; the Wikidata Query Service (SPARQL); APIs including a REST API (stable from 11 November 2024); Lua access for client wikis; a vector-based search tool supporting the Model Context Protocol (the Wikidata Embedding Project, October 2025, per Wikipedia)", "license": "'All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License'", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the introduction was last edited 21 October 2026; Wikipedia (last edited 25 October 2026) reports QLever chosen in June 2026 to replace Blazegraph for the Query Service by 30 June 2027" }, "founded": "2012 (launched 29 October 2012)", "version_and_time": { "launched": "2012-10-29", "entities_count": "2026-10", "intro_last_edited": "2026-10-21", "p742_last_edited": "2026-08-24", "wikipedia_last_edited": "2026-10-25", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a record of heteronymy as a distinct authorial function: 'heteronym' is an alias of the pseudonym property, and the value is a string on the bearer's item", "NOT a primary source: it calls itself a secondary knowledge base", "NOT sourced by requirement: references are optional, and citation on P742 is a suggestion", "NOT the field row wikidata-pseudonym: that row reads property P742 alone and stands outside the census order as a field reference; this row is Wikidata whole, with P742 recorded in it" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Wikidata is a free , collaborative , multilingual , secondary knowledge base, collecting structured data to provide support for Wikipedia , Wikimedia Commons , the other wikis of the Wikimedia movement , and to anyone in the world." }, "cc0_reuse": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the data, even for commercial purposes, without asking for permission." }, "editors": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Data is entered and maintained by Wikidata editors, who decide on the rules of content creation and management. Automated bots also enter data into Wikidata." }, "secondary": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Wikidata records not just statements, but also their sources, and connections to other databases." }, "items": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Wikidata repository consists mainly of items , each one having a label , a description and any number of aliases ." }, "statements": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Statements describe detailed characteristics of an Item and consist of a property and a value ." }, "identifier": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "A property that links an item to an external database, such as an authority control database used by libraries and archives, is called an identifier ." }, "notability": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "To learn what kind of data belongs on Wikidata please see the notability policy ." }, "intro_last_edited": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "This page was last edited on 21 October 2026, at 08:00." }, "license": { "src": "wikidata--intro", "basis": "operator", "quote": "All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License ; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License" }, "wp_description": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Wikidata is a collaboratively edited multilingual knowledge graph hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation ." }, "wp_developed": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Launched in October 2012, it is developed mainly by Wikimedia Deutschland" }, "wp_owner": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Owner Wikimedia Foundation" }, "wp_launched": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Wikidata was launched on 29 October 2012" }, "wp_entities": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Wikidata held more than 123 million data entities, such as items, properties and lexemes." }, "wp_statements": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "As of early 2025, Wikidata had 1.65 billion item statements. [ 5 ] [ verification needed ]" }, "wp_items_2025": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "In 2025, Wikidata held about 116 million items, corresponding to about 16 billion triples ." }, "wp_labels": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Item labels do not need to be unique." }, "wp_label_description": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "However, the combination of a label and its description must be unique." }, "wp_author_property": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Formally, they consist of key–value pairs , which match a property (such as \"author\", or \"publication date\") with one or more entity values (such as \" Sir Arthur Conan Doyle \" or \"1902\")." }, "wp_references": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Values in the statements may also be annotated with references , pointing to a source backing up the statement's content." }, "wp_constraints": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Constraints are treated as testing alerts and hints, rather than inviolable rules." }, "wp_content": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Items for scholarly articles are the biggest part of Wikidata, followed by the collection of biographies." }, "wp_lexemes": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Wikidata had more than 1.7 million lexemes in 1,568 languages," }, "wp_bots": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "a large proportion of the data on Wikidata consists of entries imported en masse from other databases by Internet bots" }, "wp_rest": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "A REST API for Wikidata was released in January 2023, and its first stable version went live on November 11, 2024." }, "wp_embedding": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The Wikidata Embedding Project was made available in October 2025. It provides a vector-based semantic search tool, allowing plain-language queries, and supports the Model Context Protocol standard that makes the data more readily available to AI systems." }, "wp_qlever": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "In June 2026, the Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia Deutschland chose QLever to replace Blazegraph, with the aim of moving all query traffic to it by June 30, 2027." }, "wp_last_edited": { "src": "wikidata--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 25 October 2026, at 17:50" }, "p742_label": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "pseudonym (P742)" }, "p742_description": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "alias used by someone (for nickname use P1449)" }, "p742_aliases": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "pen name stage name code name user name known professionally as heteronym nom de plume" }, "p742_datatype": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Data type String" }, "p742_subject_type": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "subject type constraint class human character group of humans individual animal award group broadcasting program person relation instance of constraint status mandatory constraint" }, "p742_format": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "format constraint format as a regular expression [^;]{1,100}| constraint status mandatory constraint" }, "p742_applies_to_work": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "applies to work" }, "p742_time": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "start time end time writing system" }, "p742_citation": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "citation-needed constraint constraint status suggestion constraint" }, "p742_example": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Elsa Bernstein pseudonym Ernst Rosmer" }, "p742_last_edited": { "src": "wikidata-pseudonym--property", "basis": "operator", "quote": "This page was last edited on 24 August 2026, at 21:04." }, "isni_property": { "src": "isni--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Wikidata has the property: ISNI (P213)" }, "viaf_numbers": { "src": "viaf--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata ." }, "orcid_pages": { "src": "orcid-names--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Both Wikipedia and Wikidata include pages with ORCID identifiers." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "uses", "target": "viaf", "note": "VIAF file numbers are incorporated into Wikidata (Wikipedia, VIAF article); Wikidata is also listed as a VIAF participant" }, { "rel": "uses", "target": "isni", "note": "Wikidata has the property ISNI (P213) (Wikipedia, ISNI article)" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "orcid-names", "note": "Wikidata includes pages with ORCID identifiers (Wikipedia, ORCID article)" } ], "unchecked": [ "Wikidata's notability policy, help pages on items, labels and aliases, and its copyright page (named and unsaved)", "the items that use P742 (no count or sample beyond the property page's examples)", "how Wikidata models a heteronym with an item of its own, linked to its bearer (not shown in the saved sources)", "P1449 (nickname) and the related name properties listed on the P742 page" ], "sources": { "wikidata--intro": { "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "a5d3749d5b95b101d48c426b9da2224dcca110706f72fb06135c5e825098ab34", "http": "200" }, "wikidata--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "6eab13fa20541e89d17f65547428f9782061ea627b48960fb3fa9f01f30eba8d", "http": "200" }, "wikidata-pseudonym--property": { "url": "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P742", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "ab8481d73509b55026556d7633ef1ab36863ac057ccf4dab53120f8e38dd7b8c", "http": "200" }, "isni--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "24575f41df3842882f13ba8caf11d4a96c70fa16c4ab360583625a4049035f6a", "http": "200" }, "viaf--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "d506ac21de7d3c5c673cc75d04ad77a5d6a1cfd3c05675c16576219293ea1fb9", "http": "200" }, "orcid-names--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORCID", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "08dcd844e53103479bb54928f0989b0e16dde444b70b83a4300f4e9c42c7fca2", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "arquivo-pessoa", "name": "Arquivo Pessoa", "aka": [ "arquivopessoa.net", "Arquivo Pessoa: Obra Édita" ], "url": "http://arquivopessoa.net/", "operator": "Obra Aberta CRL (edition, 2008); conception and direction by Leonor Areal; partners the Instituto de Estudos sobre o Modernismo (FCSH, UNL, Lisboa) and Assírio&Alvim; development by José Cerqueira Esteves / Arte Numérica and João Miguel Neves / Intraneia", "kind": "online edition of Fernando Pessoa's published work (Obra Édita), with a facsimile section and information pages; its home page line: 'Expedições livres para amantes e estudiosos'", "areas": [ "heteronymy" ], "host_relation": "direct case", "record_type": "collection", "question": "authorial function across names: under which of the 39 indexed names of Pessoa a published text stands, joint attributions included", "evidence_kind": [ "primary text", "facsimile", "audio recording" ], "unit": "a text of the published work, reached through an author page: the site indexes 39 names, the orthonym, pseudonyms and heteronyms of Fernando Pessoa, joint attributions among them", "record_object": "the published work (obra édita) of Fernando Pessoa, under each name he wrote as; the original edition is Texto Editora and Casa Fernando Pessoa, 1997", "record": { "keeps": "Fernando Pessoa's authorship, divided among the names he wrote under", "name": "under the name the text bears: the author index is headed 'Ortónimo, pseudónimos e heterónimos de Fernando Pessoa' and lists 39 names (Alberto Caeiro, Ricardo Reis, Álvaro de Campos, Bernardo Soares, Alexander Search, Barão de Teive and the orthonym Fernando Pessoa among them), with joint attributions kept as joint ('Álvaro de Campos e Ricardo Reis', 'A. L. Caeiro e J. Caeiro', 'Wardour + Pessoa'); the saved index does not mark which name is a pseudonym and which a heteronym; the audio readings give a separate reader to each of Ricardo Reis, Alberto Caeiro, Álvaro de Campos and Fernando Pessoa", "holder": "Obra Aberta CRL, which edits the site (2008) from the 1997 edition of Texto Editora and Casa Fernando Pessoa, with funding from the Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, the CCDR Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, the Fundação Luso-Brasileira and the Direcção-Geral do Livro e das Bibliotecas; terms of use not stated in the saved sources", "function": "divided among the names the texts bear: the index heads them 'Ortónimo, pseudónimos e heterónimos de Fernando Pessoa' and keeps joint attributions as joint ('Álvaro de Campos e Ricardo Reis', 'Wardour + Pessoa'); the audio gives Reis, Caeiro, Campos and the orthonym each a reader; the whole is named 'Obra de Fernando Pessoa'; responsibility for the edition is credited by role (conception and direction, edition, text revision, development, audio recording)" }, "method": "digital edition of a print edition (1997), with text revision by a named team of fifteen revisers, transcription norms (a page unread here), facsimiles, recorded readings of poems and an iconographic illustration (Labirinto)", "coverage": { "geography": "Portugal (Lisbon editors, partners and funders); the languages of the texts are not stated in the saved pages", "period": "Pessoa's published work; the edition 1997 (print) and 2008 (online)" }, "count": { "value": "39 author names in the index", "as_of": "2026-11-01 (index read)" }, "holdings": [ "Pessoa's published work (Obra Édita)", "a facsimile section", "an author index of 39 names: orthonym, pseudonyms and heteronyms", "recorded readings of poems by four readers, one for each of Ricardo Reis, Alberto Caeiro, Álvaro de Campos and Fernando Pessoa", "information pages: aims and readers, corpus, transcription norms, the Labirinto, a teaching manual, a reference bibliography" ], "stated_limits": [ "the saved pages state no limits of their own; the pages on the corpus and transcription norms that would state them were not saved" ], "answers": [ "under which of Pessoa's names a published text is held", "which names Pessoa wrote under, as the edition indexes them, joint attributions included", "who made the edition and from which print edition" ], "does_not_answer": [ "which names the edition counts as heteronyms and which as pseudonyms (the saved index lists them together)", "Pessoa's unpublished papers (the site is the published work, Obra Édita)", "the textual basis of a given text (the transcription norms were not read)" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads Arquivo Pessoa as a direct case of a differentiated authorial corpus held in an edition: the works stay under the names they bear, the orthonym is one name among 39, joint attributions are kept as joint and four of the names each receive a voice of their own, while the whole stays answerable to one name, 'Obra de Fernando Pessoa', the arrangement #940 calls attributable through the civil bearer without being reducible to that bearer. The saved index does not mark which names are heteronyms and which pseudonyms, and the textual relations among the names are unread.", "data_access": "free public website: Obra Édita, Facsimile and Info sections", "license": "not stated in the saved sources", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the site answered on 2026-11-01 (home, technical sheet and author index read); edition 2008, from a 1997 print edition; no later update date in the saved pages" }, "founded": "2008 (online edition, Obra Aberta CRL); original edition 1997", "version_and_time": { "original_edition": "1997", "online_edition": "2008", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT Pessoa's estate or papers: it edits the published work (Obra Édita)", "NOT a reduction of the names to Fernando Pessoa: the index keeps 39 names, joint ones among them", "NOT a classification of each name: the saved index does not mark pseudonym or heteronym", "NOT pessoadigital.pt, a separate resource in this census" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Obra de Fernando Pessoa Expedições livres para amantes e estudiosos" }, "sections": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "OBRA ÉDITA · FACSIMILE · INFO" }, "authors_heading": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--autores", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Ortónimo, pseudónimos e heterónimos de Fernando Pessoa" }, "authors_first": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--autores", "basis": "operator", "quote": "A. L. Caeiro e J. Caeiro Adolph Moscow Alberto Caeiro Alexander Search António Mora" }, "authors_soares": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--autores", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Barão de Teive Bernardo Soares" }, "authors_reis": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--autores", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Raphael Baldaya Ricardo Reis Thomas Crosse" }, "authors_joint": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--autores", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Wardour Wardour + Pessoa Álvaro de Campos Álvaro de Campos e Ricardo Reis Íbis" }, "direction": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Concepção e direcção: Leonor Areal" }, "edition": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Edição: Obra Aberta CRL, 2008" }, "partners": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Parcerias: Instituto de Estudos sobre o Modernismo (Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, UNL, Lisboa) Assírio&Alvim" }, "development": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Desenvolvimento: José Cerqueira Esteves / Arte Numérica e João Miguel Neves / Intraneia" }, "funding": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Apoio financeiro Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian Comissão de Coordenação e Desenvolvimento da Região de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo Fundação Luso-Brasileira Direcção-Geral do Livro e das Bibliotecas (MC)" }, "original_edition": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Edição original: Texto Editora e Casa Fernando Pessoa, 1997" }, "revision": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Revisão de textos: Catarina Gomes, Conceição Saraiva" }, "readings": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Leitura de poemas: Alberto Pimenta (Ricardo Reis) José Abreu (Alberto Caeiro) José Lopes (Álvaro de Campos) Teresa Faria (Fernando Pessoa)" }, "audio": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Gravação audio: Amândio Bastos / Nuvem Eléctrica" }, "labirinto": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Ilustração iconográfica (Labirinto)" }, "info_pages": { "src": "arquivo-pessoa--ficha", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Objectivos e destinatários Fernando Pessoa porquê? Corpus textual Normas de transcrição Sobre o Labirinto Manual de utilização pedagógica Bibliografia geral de referência" } }, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "the Portuguese Wikipedia page (arquivo-pessoa--wikipedia): http 404, no article exists under that title; unread and unquoted", "the info pages on aims, corpus, transcription norms, the Labirinto and the teaching manual (linked from the technical sheet, not saved)", "any single text page, the facsimile section and the audio files", "the site's terms of use", "the count of 39 names is taken from the saved index by counting its entries; the site states no total" ], "sources": { "arquivo-pessoa--home": { "url": "http://arquivopessoa.net/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "7b6d598dd77a34062e2c8a828f203fb97fd657e0c9286a8abd19a359414589cc", "http": "200" }, "arquivo-pessoa--autores": { "url": "http://arquivopessoa.net/autores", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "32e73f337b4601bb8f808ab0cb48f99ed3bd17ee1213582fa6667dc0c56ca6f5", "http": "200" }, "arquivo-pessoa--ficha": { "url": "http://arquivopessoa.net/info/ficha", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "0ee561fdf4c22e96e730213519dc0173b51203ebf4f5c843242f82a064512246", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "pessoa-digital", "name": "pessoadigital.pt (the saved sources show no title of its own)", "aka": [ "Pessoa Digital (the census's name for it, from the domain)" ], "url": "https://pessoadigital.pt/", "operator": "not recorded in the saved sources: both pages were refused (http 418, a bot-detection challenge)", "kind": "not recorded in the saved sources", "areas": [ "heteronymy" ], "host_relation": "direct case", "record_type": "project", "question": "not established: the resource's pages could not be read; the census holds it for authorial function across Pessoa's names, pending a read", "evidence_kind": [], "unit": "not recorded in the saved sources", "record_object": "not recorded in the saved sources", "record": { "keeps": "not recorded", "name": "not recorded", "holder": "not recorded", "function": "not recorded" }, "method": "not recorded in the saved sources", "coverage": { "geography": "not recorded", "period": "not recorded" }, "count": { "value": "not stated in the saved sources", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [], "stated_limits": [ "none read: the home page and the English about page both returned a bot-detection challenge in place of the site's text" ], "answers": [], "does_not_answer": [ "every question of this census, until the site's own pages are read" ], "ls_reading": "No reading: the resource's pages could not be read on fetch. The refusal limits this record and is no judgment on the resource's relevance.", "data_access": "not recorded: the server answered automated requests with a challenge page on 2026-11-01", "license": "not stated in the saved sources", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the host answered on 2026-11-01 with a bot-detection challenge (http 418) at both saved URLs; the resource's own state is not recorded" }, "version_and_time": { "fetch_refused": "2026-11-01", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT the Arquivo Pessoa (arquivopessoa.net), a separate resource in this census", "NOT read: nothing in this row comes from the resource's own text" ], "evidence": {}, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "pessoa-digital--home (https://pessoadigital.pt/): http 418, a bot-detection challenge page; unread and unquoted", "pessoa-digital--about (https://pessoadigital.pt/en/about): http 418, the same challenge page; unread and unquoted", "the challenge page's footer names digital humanities units of the University of Cologne; this is the host's challenge page and is not taken as a statement of who runs the resource", "the area heteronymy is the census's placement by the resource's name; no saved source confirms it", "host_relation 'direct case' and record_type 'project' are the census's provisional placements by the resource's name, pending a read (the selection review's candidate/read-needed status); no saved source confirms either" ], "sources": {}, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "ubuweb", "name": "UbuWeb", "aka": [ "Ubu", "ubu.com" ], "url": "https://ubu.com/", "operator": "UbuWeb, a completely independent site run on a volunteer basis by editors spread across the United States; created by the poet Kenneth Goldsmith, who is named its editor (Wikipedia, third party)", "kind": "archive: in its own words 'the internet's largest archive of free avant-garde materials' and 'an archive, not a blog'; a distribution center for hard-to-find, out-of-print and obscure materials", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "archive", "question": "availability and holding terms: whether an out-of-print avant-garde work circulates freely there, and on what terms the archive holds it", "evidence_kind": [ "primary text", "audio recording", "facsimile", "critical commentary" ], "unit": "not stated as such in the saved sources; the home page divides the archive into sections (Film & Video, Sound, Dance, Papers, Historical, Visual Poetry, Conceptual Comics, Conceptual Writing, Contemporary, Aspen Magazine, Outsiders, /ubu Editions, 365 Days Project, Ethnopoetics, Electronic Music Resources)", "record_object": "avant-garde materials: founded as a repository for visual, concrete and later sound poetry, and since then 'all forms of the avant-garde and beyond'; out-of-print, hard-to-find and obscure works transferred digitally to the web; Wikipedia (third party) adds film, music, early internet and sound art, and the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine archive", "record": { "keeps": "the work of the artists whose materials it posts, out-of-print or hard-to-procure avant-garde works; it posts some of them without permission and removes a work when its artist asks", "name": "not recorded: the saved sources show no author page and no policy on pseudonyms, heteronyms or collective names", "holder": "UbuWeb holds copies only; 'The copyrights belong to the copyright holders, not us'; nothing is for sale, the site is commercial-free and volunteer-run, hosted on server space and bandwidth given by universities and partners with no input on content; permanently archived by the Library of Congress", "function": "not recorded for the works beyond the maker's standing: editors select and post works, rights stay with 'the copyright holders', and the artist's one recorded act is the request for removal" }, "method": "editorial selection and digital transfer of out-of-print and hard-to-find material (scans, rips, many from fan-made copies on file-sharing sites), posted without permission where the work is out of print or absurdly priced; hand-coded HTML with no database", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated; most pages in English, some in other languages", "period": "historical and contemporary avant-garde; the site since November 1996" }, "count": { "value": "not stated in the saved sources", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "the home page's sections, from Film & Video and Sound to Ethnopoetics and Electronic Music Resources", "/ubu Editions, Papers, Outsiders and the 365 Days Project as curated sections (Wikipedia, third party)", "the entire archive of the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine (Wikipedia, third party)" ], "stated_limits": [ "'if it's in print and available to all, we won't touch it'", "'Should something return to print, we will remove it from our site immediately'", "'should an artist find their material posted on UbuWeb without permission and wants it removed, please let us know'", "media is often poor quality by choice: 'an institution or an individual wishing to have the \"real\" thing should purchase it'", "'Due to the volume of email we receive, we unfortunately cannot respond to them all'" ], "answers": [ "whether a named avant-garde work is freely available on UbuWeb, and in which section", "on what terms UbuWeb holds what it posts: copies, with copyright left to its holders and removal on an artist's request" ], "does_not_answer": [ "who holds the rights to a posted work, or whether its artist gave permission", "the quality or completeness of a posted work against its original", "under what name an artist chose to be credited (no naming policy in the saved sources)" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads UbuWeb as infrastructure that keeps out-of-print avant-garde work circulating by holding copies while leaving rights with their holders and standing with the artist, whose recorded act is the request for removal. How it names a maker, and so what a collapse of names would lose there, is not shown in the saved sources; its author and work records are unread.", "data_access": "free public website; streaming and download; no registration (Wikipedia, third party); a mirror site is linked from Wikipedia", "license": "not stated; the FAQ leaves copyright with the copyright holders", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "founded November 1996; Wikipedia (third party) reports that in January 2024 UbuWeb announced it was no longer active, with the archive preserved in its entirety, and that in February 2025 it resumed its activities; the home page read 2026-11-01 states no status" }, "founded": "November 1996", "version_and_time": { "founded": "1996-11", "inactive_announced": "2024-01 (Wikipedia, third party)", "resumed": "2025-02 (Wikipedia, third party)", "wikipedia_edited": "2026-09-22", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT affiliated with a university: 'UbuWeb is a completely independent site'", "NOT a rights holder or licensor of what it posts", "NOT a store: 'Nothing is for sale on UbuWeb'", "NOT a blog or a news feed: 'UbuWeb is an archive, not a blog'", "NOT a source of authoritative copies: the media is often poor quality by choice", "NOT a permissions record: it posts some work without permission" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "ubuweb--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Founded in 1996, UbuWeb is the internet's largest archive of free avant-garde materials." }, "loc": { "src": "ubuweb--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The site is permanently archived by the United States Library of Congress." }, "sections": { "src": "ubuweb--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Film & Video Sound Dance Papers Historical Visual Poetry Conceptual Comics Conceptual Writing Contemporary Aspen Magazine Outsiders /ubu Editions 365 Days Project Ethnopoetics Electronic Music Resources" }, "founded": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "UbuWeb was founded in November of 1996, initially as a repository for visual, concrete and, later, sound poetry. Over the years, UbuWeb has embraced all forms of the avant-garde and beyond." }, "volunteer": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "UbuWeb has no need for funding. All work is done solely on a volunteer basis. Our only cost is our monthly hosting fee, which amounts to US$50 each month." }, "copyright": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The copyrights belong to the copyright holders, not us. You'll need to seek them out for proper permission." }, "not_for_sale": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Nothing is for sale on UbuWeb. It's all free." }, "policy": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "If it's out of print, we feel it's fair game. Or if something is in print, yet absurdly priced or insanely hard to procure, we'll take a chance on it. But if it's in print and available to all, we won't touch it." }, "distribution": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "UbuWeb functions as a distribution center for hard-to-find, out-of-print and obscure materials, transferred digitally to the web." }, "removal": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Should something return to print, we will remove it from our site immediately. Also, should an artist find their material posted on UbuWeb without permission and wants it removed, please let us know." }, "permission": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Let's face it, if we had to get permission from everyone on UbuWeb, there would be no UbuWeb." }, "quality": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We like poor quality because we believe that an institution or an individual wishing to have the \"real\" thing should purchase it from those who publish and distribute such materials." }, "fan_copies": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "the crappy, say, VHS rips floating around file-sharing site -- where we get much of our material from -- is gorgeously primitive, made by fans." }, "independent": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "No. UbuWeb is a completely independent site. However, several universities and partners have generously offered us server space and bandwith, with no restrictions or input regarding our content." }, "languages": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Most of our pages are in English; several of them are not." }, "editors": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Our editors are pretty much spread across the United States: New York City, Utah, California, etc." }, "email": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Due to the volume of email we receive, we unfortunately cannot respond to them all." }, "commercial_free": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "UbuWeb is completely commercial-free and it will always stay that way." }, "archive_not_blog": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "UbuWeb is an archive, not a blog." }, "system": { "src": "ubuweb--faq", "basis": "operator", "quote": "coded by hand in BBEdit, all html 1.0. There's no fancy database or back-end." }, "wp_description": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "UbuWeb is a digital library of freely downloadable avant-garde art , film , music as well as visual , concrete and sound poetry ." }, "wp_creator": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The site was created by poet Kenneth Goldsmith in 1996" }, "wp_editor": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Editor Kenneth Goldsmith" }, "wp_registration": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Registration none" }, "wp_inactive": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "In January 2024, UbuWeb announced it was no longer active, posting: \"As of 2024, UbuWeb is no longer active. The archive is preserved for perpetuity, in its entirety\"." }, "wp_resumed": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "In February 2025 the site resumed its activities, citing the \"political changes in America and elsewhere around the world\" as a reason to be active again." }, "wp_tellus": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "It houses and distributes freely the entire archive of the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine project." }, "wp_sections": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Beyond its repository of works, UbuWeb features curated sections including /ubu Editions book-length editions of contemporary poetry , selected and introduced by the poet Brian Kim Stefans ." }, "wp_partners": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "benefiting from bandwidth donations from its partnerships with GreyLodge, WFMU , PennSound , The Electronic Poetry Center , The Center for Literary Computing, and ArtMob." }, "wp_edited": { "src": "ubuweb--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 22 September 2026, at 06:39 (UTC) ." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "uses", "target": "pennsound", "note": "Wikipedia (third party) names PennSound among the partners whose bandwidth donations UbuWeb benefits from; the FAQ names no partner" }, { "rel": "uses", "target": "epc", "note": "Wikipedia (third party) names The Electronic Poetry Center among the bandwidth partners, and cites Goldsmith's open letter 'Ubuweb Wants to be Free' as hosted by the EPC" } ], "unchecked": [ "the home page saved text is a menu and two sentences (456 characters); the sections themselves were not read", "the About page, the manifesto, the masthead, the board of directors and the partners page linked from the FAQ", "any author or artist page, so how UbuWeb names a work's maker is not shown", "the January 2024 inactivity notice and the February 2025 return on UbuWeb's own pages (known here only from Wikipedia)" ], "sources": { "ubuweb--home": { "url": "https://ubu.com/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "1f9ba3a3325f02a0ff4e76f5e281d431f611cccb454fe000989e1af8e66be489", "http": "200" }, "ubuweb--faq": { "url": "https://ubu.com/resources/faq.html", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "e9f6bc0f1f987d9f4581721a651a09f00e75bd9310b86e28baa5f1feb4aa3425", "http": "200" }, "ubuweb--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UbuWeb", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "50efb0eb7d707f0901275ac6bb0ed9fd24889633f665b84d12dfd8b10ebe929e", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "pennsound", "name": "PennSound", "aka": [ "PennSound Daily", "the 'iTunes for poetry' (Charles Bernstein, as Wikipedia reports)" ], "url": "https://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/", "operator": "the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing, University of Pennsylvania; directors Charles Bernstein, Al Filreis and Chris Mustazza, editor Michael S. Hennessey", "kind": "ongoing project committed to producing new audio recordings and preserving existing audio archives; Wikipedia (third party) calls it a poetry website and online archive of recordings of poets reading their own work", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives", "attribution-and-credit" ], "host_relation": "empirical comparator", "record_type": "project", "question": "authored performance: whose voice a recording carries and under whose name it is filed, with performer and author credited apart", "evidence_kind": [ "audio recording", "catalogue", "critical commentary" ], "unit": "a recording, broken down into singles (one poem) with complete readings also kept, filed on an author page, a series page, an anthology/collection/group page, the singles archive, Cinema, Podcasts or Classics", "record_object": "recordings of poets, historical and contemporary (the home page's selections run from Apollinaire, 1913, to work of 2016), readings and talks at the Kelly Writers House and reading series, radio programming (the Charles Ruas collection, 1970s to 2000s), poetry-and-music albums, video and podcasts", "record": { "keeps": "poets' readings of their own work and of others' work, with the performer named beside the author where they differ (John Clare's 'Vowelless Letter' performed by Charles Bernstein; Hannah Weiner's Clairvoyant Journal performed by Weiner, Sharon Mattlin and Rochelle Kraut); co-composers credited (music by Christopher Reiner, 'included with permission')", "name": "under the poet's name on an author page; Wikipedia (third party) reports the manifesto's rule that sound files be indexed and retrievable 'under the poet's name'; the saved sources state no policy on pseudonyms, heteronyms or collective names; series pages hold work under a series name (Belladonna*, Love Jawns: A Mixtape)", "holder": "the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing at Penn; recordings provided by the poets themselves, universities and institutions and poets' estates (Wikipedia, third party); free to download, for non-commercial use (Wikipedia, third party); the rights terms of individual recordings are not stated in the saved sources", "function": "authorship and performance credited apart: the author is named first and the performer after 'performed by' (Clare by Bernstein; Weiner with Mattlin and Kraut); a co-composer is credited for music and performance, 'included with permission'; the manifesto, per Wikipedia (third party), requires every file to be named and retrievable under the poet's name; responsibility for the rights of a recording is not stated" }, "method": "producing new recordings (Kelly Writers House events, Close Listening and other series) and preserving existing audio archives given by poets, institutions, estates and collectors; segmenting readings into singles; adding bibliographic documentation over time, with users invited to supplement it", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated; recordings from the United States and elsewhere (Apollinaire, Khlebnikov, Schwitters, Bennett among the home page's selections)", "period": "recordings from the 1910s onward; the project since 2005 (Wikipedia, third party)" }, "count": { "value": "not stated on PennSound's own saved pages; Wikipedia (third party) gives over 1500 full-length and single-poem recordings and, in another sentence, well over 50,000 sound files", "as_of": "Wikipedia page edited 2026-09-22" }, "holdings": [ "author pages, series pages, anthologies/collections/groups, singles, Cinema, Classics, podcasts (PennSound Podcasts, PoemTalk, PennSound Rewind)", "the Charles Ruas collection of radio programming, launched 2026-03-27 with hundreds of recordings", "the Eric Mottram Centennial Collection", "per Wikipedia (third party), over 1500 full-length and single-poem recordings and well over 50,000 sound files" ], "stated_limits": [ "'We intend to provide as much documentation about individual recordings as possible; new bibliographic information will be added over time'", "the Charles Ruas collection 'is still under construction and over time will see more additions and improvements'" ], "answers": [ "whether a recording of a named poet is held, on that poet's author page or a series page", "who performs a given recording where the performer differs from the author", "which reading series and events PennSound has recorded or archived" ], "does_not_answer": [ "who holds the rights to a recording (not stated in the saved sources)", "complete bibliographic data for every recording (documentation is added over time)", "how an author who writes under several names is filed (no naming policy in the saved sources)" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads PennSound as a witness of a distinct type: a recording keeps the author's name, the performer's voice and a co-composer's credit as separate attributions, so a reading of one poet's work by another collapses into neither. Its filing rule is the poet's name; whether a chosen name is kept as given is not shown beyond the names it files under.", "data_access": "free streaming and MP3 download; a search box; author, series, singles and anthology indexes", "license": "not stated on PennSound's saved pages; Wikipedia (third party) states the files are intended for non-commercial use", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "launched 2005 (Wikipedia, third party); PennSound Daily posts dated 11/12/2025 to 3/27/2026; the New at PennSound list includes a reading dated July 14, 2026" }, "founded": "2005 (Wikipedia, third party)", "version_and_time": { "latest_daily_post": "2026-03-27", "latest_listed_recording": "2026-07-14", "wikipedia_edited": "2026-09-22", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a commercial service: free download (Wikipedia, third party: commercial 'No')", "NOT a complete bibliography of the recordings: documentation is added over time", "NOT a rights clearance record: the saved sources state no rights terms per recording", "NOT limited to the poet's own voice: some recordings are performances of one author's work by another" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "PennSound is an ongoing project, committed to producing new audio recordings and preserving existing audio archives." }, "operator": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "PennSound is a project of the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing." }, "directors": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Charles Bernstein , Al Filreis , and Chris Mustazza , Directors" }, "editor": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Michael S. Hennessey , Editor" }, "senior_editors": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Danny Snelson and Kenneth Goldsmith , Senior Editors" }, "documentation": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We intend to provide as much documentation about individual recordings as possible; new bibliographic information will be added over time. Please contact us if you can supplement the information already provided." }, "thanks": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "to UbuWeb and the Electronic Poetry Center." }, "donors": { "src": "pennsound--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We are grateful to Tom and Lindy Gallagher, Paul Williams, David Roberts and an anonymous donor for their generous support of PennSound." }, "historical_earliest": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Guillaume Apollinaire, \"Le Pont Mirabeau\" (1913) (1:14):" }, "performer_clare": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "John Clare, \"Vowelless Letter\" (1849) performed by Charles Bernstein (2:54):" }, "performer_weiner": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Hannah Weiner, from Clairvoyant Journal , performed by Weiner, Sharon Mattlin & Rochelle Kraut (2001) (6:12):" }, "contemporary_latest": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Julie Patton, \"Scribbling thru the Times\" (2016) (5:12):" }, "ruas": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Today we're happy to announce a new home for Charles Ruas's radio programming from the 70s, 80s, and 00s." }, "ruas_date": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Posted 3/27/2026" }, "ruas_hundreds": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "this collection at launch features hundreds of recordings with more to come soon" }, "ruas_limit": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The collection is still under construction and over time will see more additions and improvements" }, "nielsen_permission": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "with the exception of \"Self-Organizing Networks,\" where the music and performance is by Christopher Reiner (and included with permission)." }, "nielsen_free": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "now, thanks to Nielsen, marks the first time they're freely available to the public" }, "earliest_daily": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Posted 11/12/2025" }, "latest_listed": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "George Quasha reading genius foci , Barrytown, NY, July 14, 2026" }, "belladonna": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Three new Belladonna* readings from fall 2025 and spring 2026" }, "mottram": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Eric Mottram Centennial Collection" }, "rewind": { "src": "pennsound--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "at our new PennSound Rewind page and at Jacket2.org ." }, "wp_description": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "PennSound is a poetry website and online archive that hosts free and downloadable recordings of poets reading their own work." }, "wp_count": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The website offers over 1500 full-length and single-poem recordings, the largest collection of poetry sound-files on the internet, all of which are available free for download." }, "wp_count_files": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Well over 50,000 sound files [ 4 ] are available for streaming and downloading" }, "wp_hd": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "including historic recordings by poets such as Ezra Pound , Wallace Stevens , Guillaume Apollinaire , William Carlos Williams and H.D. ," }, "wp_noncommercial": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The files are intended to be used non-commercially by anyone interested in listening to them, and are furthermore available for use by teachers and libraries." }, "wp_manifesto_name": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Sound files must be indexed and retrievable from a library catalog under the poet’s name and from search engines on the web." }, "wp_manifesto_files": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "All files must be named." }, "wp_providers": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "generously provided to PennSound from the poets themselves, universities and institutions such as Harvard University's Woodberry Poetry Room , and from poets' estates." }, "wp_launched": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Launched 2005" }, "wp_commercial": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Commercial No" }, "wp_collaboration": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "PennSound works closely in collaboration with the Kelly Writers House , UbuWeb , The Electronic Poetry Center , Jacket2 magazine," }, "wp_edited": { "src": "pennsound--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 22 September 2026, at 03:16 (UTC) ." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "ubuweb", "note": "the About page thanks UbuWeb; Kenneth Goldsmith, UbuWeb's creator, is a PennSound senior editor; Wikipedia (third party) names UbuWeb among PennSound's collaborators" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "epc", "note": "the About page thanks the Electronic Poetry Center; both are served under writing.upenn.edu; Wikipedia (third party) names the EPC among collaborators" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "jacket2", "note": "PennSound Rewind is published at PennSound and at Jacket2.org (the home page); Wikipedia (third party) names Jacket2 among collaborators" } ], "unchecked": [ "the author pages, series pages and singles archive themselves", "the PennSound Manifesto and the launch press release (linked from the About page; the manifesto is known here only from Wikipedia)", "any rights or permissions statement for the recordings", "the About page's commented-out staff list, which the saved text carries alongside the live one" ], "sources": { "pennsound--about": { "url": "https://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/about.php", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "9164d92b56f8e207ce9a33bdfcb4a2e710b2623bb60f5446401506c2169c98b0", "http": "200" }, "pennsound--home": { "url": "https://writing.upenn.edu/pennsound/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "2ddc53a3b55b38b5cfbdf85fa933d7c7271ad32e08fcfdf94c0b13e26565e057", "http": "200" }, "pennsound--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PennSound", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "62bae6f428eacdddb2c237178394809c0d83f40edf19387872733c3e6316f5a5", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "epc", "name": "Electronic Poetry Center", "aka": [ "EPC", "epc.buffalo.edu (its former address)" ], "url": "https://writing.upenn.edu/epc/", "operator": "Loss Pequeño Glazier (Director and Founder) and Charles Bernstein (Editor, Co-founder), with Al Filreis as publisher for the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing (CPCW), University of Pennsylvania; affiliated with Poetics and Media Study at SUNY-Buffalo", "kind": "internet archive and resource site for poetry and poetics: in its own words 'the first comprehensive Internet archive of its kind for poetry and poetics', with a Digital Library, E-Poetry and Author libraries", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "archive", "question": "author-page holding: whether a formally innovative poet's work, and a field's own discussion record, is held, and under which author page", "evidence_kind": [ "primary text", "facsimile", "critical commentary" ], "unit": "an author page or a Digital Library item (PDFs of books and full journal runs, digital editions, mirrors of authors' sites, bibliographies)", "record_object": "resources centered on digital and contemporary formally innovative poetries, new media writing and literary programming; the archives of the Buffalo Poetics Program (1991 to 2003) and of the Poetics List (1993 to 2014)", "record": { "keeps": "the work of poets with EPC author pages (Mina Loy, Bill Keith, Larry Eigner, Jerome Rothenberg, Lyn Hejinian, Marjorie Perloff among those the home page names), digitized books and journal runs, and the record of the Buffalo Poetics Program and the Poetics List", "name": "not recorded: the saved sources show author pages under poets' names and state no policy on pseudonyms, heteronyms or collective names", "holder": "the EPC, in collaboration with CPCW at Penn since 2003 and affiliated with Poetics and Media Study at Buffalo; the rights terms of the PDFs and pages are not stated (the About page carries '©2011')", "function": "not recorded for the works: the saved sources show author pages under poets' names; for the site itself, roles are credited by function (Director & Founder, Editor and Co-founder, Publisher)" }, "method": "curated digital library and author pages assembled by its editors; digitization of books and journal runs; mirroring of authors' sites; housing of program and listserv archives", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated", "period": "the site since 1995 (its own About page) or July 10, 1994 (Wikipedia, third party); holdings of 20th- and 21st-century poetry and poetics, including a 1945 text in translation" }, "count": { "value": "not stated in the saved sources; Wikipedia (third party) cites a 2000 estimate of 10 million visits a year", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "the Digital Library, E-Poetry and Author libraries", "the archives of the Buffalo Poetics Program (1991 to 2003) and the Poetics List (1993 to 2014)", "Sulfur, ed. Clayton Eshleman, full run", "Ron Silliman's complete blog history (topic headings for entries 2000 to 2020)", "an EPC digital edition of Artifice of Absorption" ], "stated_limits": [ "broken links: 'If you have a broken link to an EPC resources, use the top tabs ... or, for a known URL, substitute \"writing.upenn.edu/epc/\" for \"epc.buffalo.edu/\"'" ], "answers": [ "whether the EPC holds an author page or a digitized text for a named poet or journal", "what the Buffalo Poetics Program and the Poetics List produced, in their archives" ], "does_not_answer": [ "the rights status of a digitized text (not stated)", "how a poet writing under several names is filed (no naming policy in the saved sources)", "a stable address for older resources (links from epc.buffalo.edu may break)" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads the EPC as infrastructure that holds a field's authors beside the field's own discussion (the Poetics List, the Buffalo Poetics Program), so authorship stays with a community's record of itself. The saved sources show author pages under poets' names and no account of chosen names or of how a contribution inside a work is attributed.", "data_access": "free public website; PDFs; author pages; a custom search bar", "license": "not stated; the About page carries '©2011'", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "founded at SUNY-Buffalo's Poetics Program in 1995 (its About page) or on July 10, 1994 (Wikipedia, third party); collaboration with CPCW at Penn from 2003; moved from epc.buffalo.edu to writing.upenn.edu/epc/; the home page lists an item dated 2026 (Brian Kim Stefans, Versuche) and memorial entries for poets who died in 2024 and 2025" }, "founded": "1995 (its About page); July 10, 1994 (Wikipedia, third party)", "version_and_time": { "about_copyright": "2011", "latest_home_item": "2026 (Versuche, PDF)", "wikipedia_edited": "2024-03-02", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a recordings archive: its sister site PennSound holds the audio", "NOT a rights holder by any statement in the saved sources", "NOT limited to digital poetry: it also holds contemporary formally innovative print poetries and poetics", "NOT one founding date: its About page gives 1995, Wikipedia gives July 10, 1994" ], "evidence": { "operator_glazier": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Loss Pequeño Glazier , Director & Founder" }, "operator_bernstein": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Charles Bernstein , Editor, Co-founder" }, "publisher": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Al Filreis , Publisher" }, "founded": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "EPC was founed by Loss Peqeño Glazier, with Charles Bernstein, at the Poetics Program of SUNY-Buffalo in 1995." }, "goal": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Our goal was to make available a wide range of resources centered on digital and contemporary formally innovative poetries, new media writing, and literary programming." }, "self_description": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The site was the first comprehensive Internet archive of its kind for poetry and poetics." }, "libraries": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "EPC makes extensive resources available through its Digital Library, E-Poetry and Author libraries." }, "archives": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We also house the archives of the Buffalo Poetics Program from its fouding in 1991 to 2003 and of the Poetics List (1993-2014), the first poetry listserv discussion group." }, "cpcw": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "In 2003, EPC began its active collaboration with the Center for Programs in Contemporary Writing (CPCW) at the University of Pennsylvania, including its sister site, PennSound." }, "affiliation": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We continue our affilation with Poetics and Media Studies at Buffalo and with CPCW at Penn." }, "copyright": { "src": "epc--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "©2011" }, "sulfur": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Sulfur , ed. Clayton Eshleman" }, "silliman": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Ron SIlliman: Complete Blog History" }, "author_pages": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Author Pages : Mina Loy and Bill Keith" }, "artifice": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "EPC Digital Edition of Artifice of Absorption" }, "latest_item": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "- Versuche [early work] (2026):PDF" }, "katzenelson": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Yitzhak Katzenelson, Dos Lid Funem Oysgehargen Yidishn Folk / The Song of the Massacred Jewish People. tr. Jack Hirschman (1945/2012): pdf" }, "broken_links": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "If you have a broken link to an EPC resources, use the top tabs (e.g. author pages & digital library , etc.), fill in the custom search bar at the foot of this page or, for a known URL, substitute \"writing.upenn.edu/epc/\" for \"epc.buffalo.edu/\" in the address bar above." }, "pierre_joris": { "src": "epc--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Pierre Joris (1946-2025)" }, "wp_description": { "src": "epc--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The Electronic Poetry Center ( EPC ), is an online resource for digital poetry ." }, "wp_founded": { "src": "epc--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "It was founded on July 10, 1994 by Loss Pequeño Glazier and Charles Bernstein , of the Poetics Program at The State University of New York at Buffalo" }, "wp_visits": { "src": "epc--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "a 2000 estimate has the site receiving 10 million visits a year." }, "wp_partners": { "src": "epc--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "It is partnered with similar organizations, including UbuWeb and the University of Pennsylvania 's PennSound project." }, "wp_edited": { "src": "epc--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 2 March 2024, at 09:38 (UTC) ." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "pennsound", "note": "the About page calls PennSound its sister site at CPCW, Penn; home-page memorial entries link to PennSound pages" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "ubuweb", "note": "Wikipedia (third party) states the EPC is partnered with UbuWeb" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "jacket2", "note": "the home page's memorial entries link obituaries and tributes at Jacket2" } ], "unchecked": [ "the author pages and Digital Library items themselves (the home page is a list of links)", "the E-Poetry library", "the Buffalo Poetics Program and Poetics List archives", "any rights statement for the PDFs" ], "sources": { "epc--about": { "url": "https://writing.upenn.edu/epc/about/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "8d9fb23b683fa83a6ffc32e08bad29878384c0e38fb91c994ac2fcb63054e4eb", "http": "200" }, "epc--home": { "url": "https://writing.upenn.edu/epc/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "443499b7dcc7846f0144a3ecbd5937abb961f7238ba032001a50c3220f165db5", "http": "200" }, "epc--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Poetry_Center", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "6f4f0878a826b5729a5411a7b58daace5c437024a9bfcf82f5eb8c5b8c28e8dc", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "jacket2", "name": "Jacket2", "aka": [ "J2", "Jacket magazine (1997 to 2010, its archived predecessor)" ], "url": "https://jacket2.org/", "operator": "Jacket2, at the Kelly Writers House, 3805 Locust Walk, Philadelphia (the site footer); the saved sources name no editorial board or institution beyond that address and 'Jacket2 Editors'", "kind": "publication: in its own words it 'offers commentary on modern and contemporary poetry and poetics', publishing content 'as it is ready'; it also maintains the complete archive of Jacket magazine", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives" ], "host_relation": "peripheral comparator", "record_type": "journal", "question": "byline attribution in criticism: under whose names, singly, jointly or collectively, a piece of commentary on poetry is published", "evidence_kind": [ "critical commentary", "audio recording", "primary text", "facsimile" ], "unit": "a piece: an article, feature, review, interview, commentary, reissue, podcast episode (PoemTalk, PennSound podcasts, PennSound Rewind, Sounding Translation), poem or gallery, each under its author's or authors' names", "record_object": "commentary on modern and contemporary poetry and poetics; archival documents; reissues of small-press magazines and presses (Roof 1976 to 79, New Wilderness Letter 1977 to 84, Infolio 1986 to 91, M/E/A/N/I/N/G 1986 to 1996, XCP 1997 to 2010, O Books 1988 to 2009, Aufgabe 2001 to 2014); the complete archive of Jacket magazine (1997 to 2010, 40 issues)", "record": { "keeps": "the authorship of its contributors on each piece, with co-authors, interviewers and translators named in the byline ('Uldis Bērziņš, translated by Kevin M. F. Platt and Sintija Ozoliņa'); some pieces are signed collectively ('Jacket2 Editors'); its media highlight credits the sculpture 'God' as made collaboratively by Morton Schamberg and Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven", "name": "under the byline as published; the saved sources state no policy on pseudonyms, heteronyms or collective names; one piece is signed 'Jacket2 Editors'", "holder": "Jacket2 (© 2026 Jacket2) at the Kelly Writers House; it maintains the complete archive of Jacket magazine, founded and edited by John Tranter; the Terms of Use were not read", "function": "the byline: authors, co-authors, interviewers and translators named on the piece ('translated by'); one piece signed collectively ('Jacket2 Editors'); its media highlight credits a construction as 'Made collaboratively' by two named makers; editorial responsibility beyond 'Jacket2 Editors' is not recorded (the About page returned 404)" }, "method": "editorial publication of commissioned and submitted commentary, reviews, interviews and features as they are ready; reissue of small-press magazines; podcast production with PennSound", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated; pieces on poetry from the United States, Latvia, Russia, Côte d'Ivoire, Indonesia, Poland and elsewhere on the home page", "period": "modern and contemporary poetry; reissued magazines from 1976; Jacket 1997 to 2010; Jacket2 for fifteen years by its own anniversary notice (the year of the notice is not given in the saved text)" }, "count": { "value": "Jacket magazine: 40 issues, 1997 to 2010 (the home page's issue list); Jacket2's own count of pieces is not stated", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "sections for Articles, Features, Reviews, Interviews, Commentaries, Reissues, Podcasts, Poems and Galleries", "seven reissued magazines and presses, from Roof (1976 to 79) to Aufgabe (2001 to 2014)", "the complete archive of Jacket magazine, 1997 to 2010", "PoemTalk episodes, numbered to #222 on the home page" ], "stated_limits": [ "'Not unlike a daily news forum, we will publish content as it is ready'" ], "answers": [ "what Jacket2 has published on a named poet, book or small press, and under whose byline", "whether a small-press magazine it reissues, or an issue of Jacket, is available in its archive" ], "does_not_answer": [ "Jacket2's editorial policy and editors (the About page returned 404 when saved)", "how it handles a contributor writing under a pseudonym or heteronym (not stated)", "the rights terms of the reissues and the Jacket archive (the Terms of Use were not read)" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads Jacket2 as supporting criticism whose byline keeps translators, collective editorial signatures and a collaborative making ('God', Schamberg and von Freytag-Loringhoven) as attributions of their own. No essay in the saved pages bears on how authorship is made or attributed with machine participation, beyond an excerpt presented at 'Poets Confront AI and Surveillance Capitalism'.", "data_access": "free public website; a J2 index of all content; RSS feed", "license": "not stated in the saved sources (© 2026 Jacket2; Terms of Use linked, unread)", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the home page carries reviews, podcasts and a commentary excerpt presented on April 7, 2026, and the footer © 2026; an anniversary commentary celebrates fifteen years on April 5th (year not given in the saved text); Jacket magazine (1997 to 2010) is kept as its complete archive" }, "founded": "not stated in the saved sources (a fifteenth-birthday notice, April 5th, year not given)", "version_and_time": { "copyright": "2026", "latest_dated_item": "2026-04-07 (the presentation date of an excerpt)", "jacket_archive": "1997-2010", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT Jacket magazine (1997 to 2010), which it keeps as an archive", "NOT a recordings archive: its podcasts come with PennSound, which holds the recordings", "NOT a peer-reviewed journal by any statement in the saved sources: it publishes 'as it is ready', like a daily news forum", "NOT an author-page archive: its unit is the published piece" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Jacket2 offers commentary on modern and contemporary poetry and poetics . We publish articles, reviews, interviews, discussions and collaborative responses, archival documents, podcasts, and descriptions of poetry symposia and projects." }, "as_ready": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Not unlike a daily news forum, we will publish content as it is ready." }, "index": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Visit our index for an ongoing and comprehensive list of all J2 content." }, "jacket_archive": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We maintain the complete archive of Jacket magazine, founded and edited by John Tranter." }, "jacket_years": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Jacket 1997–2010" }, "jacket_issues": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "36 37 38 39 40 © 2026 Jacket2" }, "address": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Kelly Writers House 3805 Locust Walk Philadelphia, PA 19104-6150" }, "translators": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Uldis Bērziņš, translated by Kevin M. F. Platt and Sintija Ozoliņa" }, "editors_signed": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "In Memoriam: Alice Notley (1945–2025) Jacket2 Editors" }, "reissue_roof": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Roof, 1976–79 (ed. James Sherry)" }, "reissue_aufgabe": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Aufgabe, 2001–2014 (ed. E. Tracy Grinnell et al.)" }, "reissue_xcp": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "XCP: Cross Cultural Poetics, 1997–2010 (ed. Mark Nowak)" }, "god_collaborative": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Made collaboratively from Philadephia-born artist Morton Schamberg and German baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, this construction of common, incongruous objects exemplifies the Dadaists' interest in machine imagery" }, "fifteen": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "On April 5th, we celebrated Jacket2 ’s fifteenth birthday!" }, "poemtalk_222": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Less conversational (PoemTalk #222)" }, "ai_event": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "A short excerpt was presented at “Poets Confront AI and Surveillance Capitalism,” curated by William Lessard, at Poets House, New York, on April 7, 2026" }, "rewind": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Ashbery week, 2007 (PennSound Rewind #1)" }, "pennsound_additions": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The editors and curators at PennSound are more or less constantly adding new materials to the archive." }, "sections": { "src": "jacket2--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Articles Features Reviews Interviews Commentaries Reissues Podcasts Poems Galleries" }, "about_404": { "src": "jacket2--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The requested page could not be found." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "pennsound", "note": "the home page carries PennSound podcasts and PennSound Rewind and a list of PennSound's newest additions; PennSound's home page states Rewind is published at Jacket2.org" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "epc", "note": "the EPC home page links obituaries and tributes at Jacket2" } ], "unchecked": [ "the About page (jacket2--about): HTTP 404, 'Page not found'; quoted only for that status", "the Terms of Use", "the J2 index and the Jacket magazine archive themselves", "the editorial masthead and the year Jacket2 began (not in the saved home page)" ], "sources": { "jacket2--home": { "url": "https://jacket2.org/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "f14fba2f4746f0c1560820acb07d00adf9beee1824a121525839748d0d4c461f", "http": "200" }, "jacket2--about": { "url": "https://jacket2.org/about", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "b4126684ddb41f2e898e1f9410408f9de0cbb35ffa642b3ff2f624dc2d3d80bd", "http": "404" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "eclipse", "name": "Eclipse", "aka": [ "ECLIPSE", "Eclipse Archive", "eclipsearchive.org" ], "url": "https://eclipsearchive.org/", "operator": "Eclipse: Founding Editor Craig Dworkin, Editor Danny Snelson (the home page); Wikipedia (third party) places Dworkin at the University of Utah and Snelson at UCLA", "kind": "archive: Wikipedia (third party) calls it an online archive of digital facsimiles of radical small-press writing from the last quarter of the 20th century, later also publishing selected new and born-digital works; the saved pages of Eclipse itself carry an author index, a title index and a new-to-the-archive notice", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives", "collective-authorship" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "archive", "question": "distributed credit in a facsimile index: which authors, co-authors, editors and translators a small-press title is held under", "evidence_kind": [ "facsimile", "catalogue", "primary text" ], "unit": "a title (a book, pamphlet, magazine issue or periodical run) listed under its author or authors in the author index, with co-authors, editors and translators marked in brackets", "record_object": "small-press avant-garde writing, books and magazines (L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E, Roof, This, Hills, Tottel's, Joglars, Big Allis among the editor-credited titles), mostly from the last quarter of the 20th century per Wikipedia (third party), with 21st-century born-digital publications; the newest item is the first issue of Gnome Baker magazine (October 1976)", "record": { "keeps": "the authors of each title in the author index, with collaborations listed under every collaborator ('LEGEND [with Charles Bernstein, Ray DiPalma, Steve McCaffery, and Ron Silliman]' under Bruce Andrews and under each co-author), editors marked '[Editor]', and translators marked '(trans.)' with the author's works listed under the translator as well (Rosmarie Waldrop, for Helmut Heißenbüttel)", "name": "under the author name in the index as printed (entries include 'P. Inman', 'Sandra and Ben Doller', 'T. R. Uthco'); the saved sources state no policy on pseudonyms, heteronyms or collective names", "holder": "Eclipse and its editors; per Wikipedia (third party), most scans come from Dworkin's personal collection; the rights terms are not stated in the saved sources", "function": "distributed across the index: a co-written title appears under every collaborator, an editor carries '[Editor]', a translator '(trans.)', with the translated work listed under the translator as well as the author; names stand as printed; the archive's own responsibility (selection, rights) is not stated, the About page returning 404" }, "method": "high-resolution scans of every page of each included text, most from the founding editor's personal collection (Wikipedia, third party); indexing by author and by title", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated; predominantly North American small presses in the index, with translations (Heißenbüttel, Pasos)", "period": "20th-century small-press writing (the newest notice is a 1976 magazine issue) and 21st-century born-digital publications; the archive since 2002 (Wikipedia, third party)" }, "count": { "value": "not stated in the saved sources", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "an author index, from Emily Abendroth to Suzanne Zavrian", "a title index (unread)", "the first issue of Gnome Baker magazine, October 1976, new to the archive", "per Wikipedia (third party), high-resolution scans of every page of its included texts" ], "stated_limits": [ "none stated in the saved sources (the About page returned 404)" ], "answers": [ "whether Eclipse holds a facsimile of a named small-press title, and under which authors, editors and translators it lists it", "which titles a named author co-wrote or edited, as the author index brackets them" ], "does_not_answer": [ "Eclipse's own statement of purpose, selection or rights (the About page returned 404)", "whether an index name is a pen name or a group (no naming note in the saved sources)", "how many titles it holds" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads Eclipse's author index as a case where distributed authorship is held without collapse: every collaborator, editor and translator holds the title under an entry of their own, so no single attribution absorbs the others. Whether any printed name is a chosen name is not shown, and the facsimiles themselves are unread.", "data_access": "free public website; author and title indexes", "license": "not stated in the saved sources", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "started in 2002 by Craig Dworkin (Wikipedia, third party); the home page announces a new item (Gnome Baker no. 1, 1976) undated; the Editor page and Wikipedia name Dworkin as founding senior editor; the About page returned 404 when saved" }, "founded": "2002 (Wikipedia, third party)", "version_and_time": { "wikipedia_edited": "2026-11-01", "about_page": "404 at fetch", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a publisher of record for the original presses: it holds facsimiles of their publications", "NOT a rights holder by any statement in the saved sources", "NOT a reading-copy edition: per Wikipedia (third party) it scans every page to conserve the printed object", "NOT the Eclipse of other uses: its name is an homage to Douglas Messerli's Sun & Moon press (Wikipedia, third party)" ], "evidence": { "new_item": { "src": "eclipse--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "NEW TO THE ARCHIVE: The first issue of the fugitive Gnome Baker magazine, from October, 1976. Edited by Madeleine Burnside and Andrew W. Kelly, the inaugural number featured work by Michael Davidson, Rita Myers, and Michael Palmer." }, "editors": { "src": "eclipse--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Founding Editor: Craig Dworkin Editor: Danny Snelson" }, "editor_page": { "src": "eclipse--editor", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Founding Senior Editor: Eclipse" }, "index": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Eclipse: Author Index" }, "index_first": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Emily Abendroth Exclosures 1 - 8" }, "collab_legend": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "LEGEND [with Charles Bernstein, Ray DiPalma, Steve McCaffery, and Ron Silliman]" }, "collab_legend_dipalma": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Ray DiPalma LEGEND [with Bruce Andrews, Charles Bernstein, Steve McCaffery, and Ron Silliman]" }, "collab_exla": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "eXcLa [with Maggie O'Sullivan]" }, "editor_language": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "L=A=N=G=U=A=G=E [Editor, with Charles Bernstein]" }, "translator": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Rosmarie Waldrop (trans.) The Dilemma of Being High and Dry" }, "heissenbuttel": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Helmut Heißenbüttel The Dilemma of Being High and Dry" }, "name_inman": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "P. Inman Ocker" }, "name_doller": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Sandra and Ben Doller Sonneteers" }, "name_uthco": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "T. R. Uthco Beyond the Edge" }, "index_last": { "src": "eclipse--authors", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Suzanne Zavrian EXTENSIONS [Editor]" }, "about_404": { "src": "eclipse--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The requested URL was not found on this server." }, "wp_description": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "He is the founding senior editor of Eclipse, an online archive of 20th-century small-press writing and 21st-century born-digital publications." }, "wp_facsimiles": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Dworkin is the founding senior editor of Eclipse, an online archive focusing on digital facsimiles of radical small-press writing from the last quarter of the 20th century." }, "wp_founded": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Dworkin started the archive in 2002 to provide readers and scholars with access to avant-garde works that were no longer available in print from their original publishers; Eclipse later expanded to publish selected new works and born-digital publications in the spirit of those earlier presses." }, "wp_name": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The archive's name is an homage to Douglas Messerli ’s Sun & Moon press." }, "wp_scans": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Eclipse includes high-resolution scans of every page of its included texts, most from Dworkin's personal collection," }, "wp_facture": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "in an attempt to \"conserve ... the facture and material specificity of the book or printed document as an object.\"" }, "wp_snelson": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Dworkin co-manages the archive with Danny Snelson, assistant professor of English at UCLA ." }, "wp_utah": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Craig Dworkin is an American poet, critic, editor, and Professor of English at the University of Utah ." }, "wp_edited": { "src": "eclipse--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "This page was last edited on 1 November 2026, at 00:58 (UTC) ." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "ubuweb", "note": "the Editor page lists Dworkin as curator of The UbuWeb Anthology of Conceptual Writing" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "pennsound", "note": "Danny Snelson, Eclipse's editor, is a PennSound senior editor (PennSound's About page)" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "jacket2", "note": "Wikipedia (third party) cites a Jacket2 interview with Dworkin as a source on Eclipse; Jacket2 reissues Roof, which Eclipse also lists under James Sherry" } ], "unchecked": [ "the About page (eclipse--about): HTTP 404, 190 characters; quoted only for that status", "the title index and the facsimiles themselves", "any statement of selection, permissions or rights on Eclipse's own pages", "the Wikipedia source is the article on Craig Dworkin; there is no Wikipedia article on Eclipse among the saved sources" ], "sources": { "eclipse--home": { "url": "https://eclipsearchive.org/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "7d9418140651879585167ff60bf530768fc3517e146838c3bdd87a5f3ef1d7a9", "http": "200" }, "eclipse--editor": { "url": "https://eclipsearchive.org/Editor", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "6ace431d4ff045bc9ca310847127d1cf1dddf23284e410f681c2124f247ba39a", "http": "200" }, "eclipse--authors": { "url": "https://eclipsearchive.org/authors.html", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "52a8b02ac16b6665320e9de8793d03955200a4b6f45e98bc1acb4a76a1f53149", "http": "200" }, "eclipse--about": { "url": "https://eclipsearchive.org/about.html", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "cc0b4e42510d49c6decd464123ecf3b14ae9b47f9b4ed2ee64893e2d6520a264", "http": "404" }, "eclipse--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Dworkin", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "60ddc0168723cab3dd285834f79d9a0725e4e27d31104dfb528a825d62af5c59", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "dada-iowa", "name": "International Dada Archive", "aka": [ "Digital Dada Library", "International Online Bibliography of Dada", "dada.lib.uiowa.edu" ], "url": "https://dada.lib.uiowa.edu/", "operator": "the University of Iowa Libraries; curator Timothy Shipe, 100 Main Library, The University of Iowa", "kind": "archive: in its own words 'a scholarly resource for the study of the historic Dada movement', with an online catalog (the International Online Bibliography of Dada), a Digital Dada Library of page scans, and the journal Dada/Surrealism", "areas": [ "avant-garde-archives", "heteronymy" ], "host_relation": "historical lineage", "record_type": "archive", "question": "name preservation in a historical avant-garde: under which of a dadaist's names a work is filed, and whether one book is held under both", "evidence_kind": [ "facsimile", "catalogue", "critical commentary" ], "unit": "in the catalog, a title (book, essay in a book, periodical article, manuscript, sound or video recording); in the Digital Dada Library, an original Dada-era document scanned in its entirety, listed under its periodical or under its author", "record_object": "works by and about the dadaists: Dada-era periodicals from Zurich, Berlin, Paris and elsewhere, books, exhibition catalogs, broadsides and ephemera by participants in the movement, microfilmed manuscript collections, and scholarship; a list of individuals on whom the collection focuses", "record": { "keeps": "the authorship of participants in the Dada movement, filed by author in the Digital Dada Library's 'Books by Author' list and by individual in its list of dadaists", "name": "author entries carry a second name in parentheses where the sources give one, in either order: 'EDGAR FIRN (KARL DÖHMAN) (DAIMONIDES)', 'JULIUS KREKEL (CLÉMENT PANSAERS)', 'Iliazd (Ilia Zdanevich)', 'SALOMO FRIEDLAENDER (MYNONA)', 'JEAN (HANS) ARP'; the same book (ZIEK; EENE MOEDER; HERTETOLKEN) is listed under 'JULIUS KREKEL (CLÉMENT PANSAERS)' and under 'CLÉMENT PANSAERS'; the saved sources state no naming policy", "holder": "the University of Iowa Libraries: originals in the Special Collections Department, the wider collection in the Main Library and the Art Library; scans 'provided for research purposes only'; copyrighted matter (new prefaces, critical annotations) omitted from scanned reprints", "function": "not stated as a rule: authorship is filed by author, with a second name in parentheses and one book entered under both names (Krekel and Pansaers); which name carries the work is left undecided; responsibility for the holdings sits with the University of Iowa Libraries and its curator" }, "method": "collection and cataloguing of documentation and scholarship since 1979; scanning of original Dada-era documents in their entirety as page images; microfilming of public and private manuscript collections in Europe and North America in the early 1980s, with finding aids for each; publication of a peer-reviewed, open-access journal", "coverage": { "geography": "the Dada movement in Zurich, Berlin, Paris and elsewhere; manuscript collections in Europe and North America", "period": "the historic Dada movement and the scholarship on it; the archive since 1979" }, "count": { "value": "approximately 60,000 titles in the International Online Bibliography of Dada", "as_of": "not dated in the saved source (read 2026-11-01)" }, "holdings": [ "the International Online Bibliography of Dada, approximately 60,000 titles", "the Digital Dada Library: 36 periodicals listed (from 291 and 391 to Zenit and Der Zweemann) and books by author", "microfilmed manuscript collections with detailed finding aids", "the journal Dada/Surrealism" ], "stated_limits": [ "'These are page-image files only, not searchable full-text files'", "'In many cases, these are not complete runs of the periodicals'", "'These documents are provided for research purposes only'", "'The International Dada Archive has no staff to process interlibrary loan requests'", "'Unpublished manuscript material cannot normally be loaned'", "'access to some of the Archive's resources is limited when the curator is away'" ], "answers": [ "whether the Archive holds or catalogues a named Dada work or scholarship on it", "whether a scanned original of a Dada periodical issue or book is in the Digital Dada Library", "under which names the Archive files a dadaist who published under more than one" ], "does_not_answer": [ "full-text searches of the scanned documents (page images only)", "complete runs of most periodicals", "which of an author's names the Archive treats as the author's own (it lists both, in varying order, with no stated rule)" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads the Books by Author list as historical lineage for the question: a pen name and a civil name stand side by side and one book is held under both, so the chosen name survives as a heading and no reduction to one name is performed. No rule in the saved sources says which name governs, and the list does not show whether any of these names constitutes a distinct authorial function in #940's sense.", "data_access": "free online catalog (the International Online Bibliography of Dada); free page-image scans in the Digital Dada Library; visits to the Archive by appointment; interlibrary loan through the requester's own library, with the Archive as 'lender of last resort'", "license": "not stated; scans 'provided for research purposes only'; the journal Dada/Surrealism is open-access", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "founded 1979; a named curator and contact on the home page; the About page's saved text is the site navigation followed by a template placeholder ('This is an example page'), so the site's About content is unwritten" }, "founded": "1979", "version_and_time": { "founded": "1979", "microfilming": "early 1980s", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a full-text corpus: the scans are page images only", "NOT complete for most periodicals by its own statement", "NOT an interlibrary lending service: it has no staff for loan requests", "NOT a reprint edition: it scans originals and omits copyrighted matter from the few reprints it includes", "NOT a surrealism archive, though it publishes Dada/Surrealism: its collection focuses on the historic Dada movement" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Founded in 1979, the International Dada Archive is a scholarly resource for the study of the historic Dada movement. The Archive has compiled a comprehensive collection of documentation and scholarship relating to Dada." }, "collection": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The collection of the International Dada Archive is made up of works by and about the dadaists including books, articles, microfilmed manuscript collections, videorecordings, sound recordings, and online resources." }, "count": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Primary access to the entire collection is through the International Online Bibliography of Dada, a catalog containing approximately 60,000 titles." }, "housed": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "This collection is housed in various departments of the University of Iowa Libraries; most of its holdings are in either the Main Library or the Art Library." }, "digital_library": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "These books, pamphlets, and periodicals are housed in the Special Collections Department of the University of Iowa Libraries and include many of the major periodicals of the Dada movement from Zurich, Berlin, Paris, and elsewhere, as well as books, exhibition catalogs, and broadsides by participants in the Dada movement." }, "finding_aids": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Archive has also microfilmed a number of public and private manuscript collections containing material on the Dada movement and on individual dadaists. Detailed finding aids exist for each of these microfilmed collections." }, "curator": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Timothy Shipe, Curator" }, "curator_away": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "access to some of the Archive's resources is limited when the curator is away." }, "scanned_entire": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Each original document has been scanned in its entirety. These are page-image files only, not searchable full-text files." }, "incomplete_runs": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "In many cases, these are not complete runs of the periodicals." }, "reprints": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "In a few cases, for the sake of completeness, we have included reprints of issues for which we do not own originals; in those cases, we have omitted any copyrighted materials such as new prefaces and critical annotations." }, "research_only": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "These documents are provided for research purposes only." }, "dadaists": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The International Dada Archive focuses its collection and study on the following individuals." }, "name_firn": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "EDGAR FIRN (KARL DÖHMAN) (DAIMONIDES): BIBERGEIL" }, "name_firn_list": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "EDGAR FIRN (DIAMONIDES)" }, "name_krekel": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "JULIUS KREKEL (CLÉMENT PANSAERS): ZIEK; EENE MOEDER; HERTETOLKEN" }, "name_pansaers": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "CLÉMENT PANSAERS: L'APOLOGIE DE LA PARESSE BAR NICANOR LE PAN PAN AU CUL DU NU NÈGRE ZIEK; EENE MOEDER; HERTETOLKEN" }, "name_iliazd": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Iliazd (Ilia Zdanevich): LIDANTIU FARAM (LEDANTU LE PHARE)" }, "name_mynona": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "SALOMO FRIEDLAENDER (MYNONA)" }, "name_arp": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "JEAN (HANS) ARP" }, "periodicals_first": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "PERIODICALS 291 391 ACTION" }, "periodicals_last": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "ZENIT DER ZWEEMANN BOOKS BY AUTHOR" }, "journal": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Dada/Surrealism is a peer-reviewed, open-access electronic journal sponsored by the Association for the Study of Dada and Surrealism and published by the International Dada Archive, University of Iowa Libraries." }, "catalog": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The International On-line Bibliography of Dada is the on-line catalog of the International Dada Archive at the University of Iowa Libraries." }, "microfilm": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Most of the manuscript holdings are on microfilms that were made in various public and private collections in Europe and North America in the early 1980s, with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Jerome Foundation." }, "no_ill": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The International Dada Archive has no staff to process interlibrary loan requests." }, "last_resort": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Your library should treat the International Dada Archive as a \"lender of last resort.\"" }, "no_mss_loan": { "src": "dada-iowa--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Unpublished manuscript material cannot normally be loaned." }, "about_placeholder": { "src": "dada-iowa--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "This is an example page. Feel free to replace this content, or delete the page and start from scratch." } }, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "the About page (dada-iowa--about): the saved text is navigation and a template placeholder, with no About content; quoted only for the placeholder", "the online bibliography and the scans themselves", "the individual pages of the dadaists listed", "the Dada/Surrealism journal site", "the periodical count of 36 is counted here from the saved list; the Archive states no count" ], "sources": { "dada-iowa--home": { "url": "https://dada.lib.uiowa.edu/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "f009fc17c5ce757f9ee6e39456d5c06d80587e0a0effba31d86768f4259b8598", "http": "200" }, "dada-iowa--about": { "url": "https://dada.lib.uiowa.edu/about", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "72816a889beda67431ff948545b8fe790c81b6a37790e70b4c13489c35560375", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "copyright-office-ai", "name": "Copyright and Artificial Intelligence", "aka": [ "U.S. Copyright Office AI initiative", "Report on Copyright and Artificial Intelligence", "USCO AI page" ], "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/", "operator": "the U.S. Copyright Office (101 Independence Ave. S.E., Washington, D.C.), whose footer links the Library of Congress", "kind": "the Copyright Office's initiative page on copyright law and policy issues raised by AI: a multi-part Report, a registration guidance policy statement, a notice of inquiry, Review Board and registration decisions on AI-generated material, and the government's briefs and the decisions in Thaler v. Perlmutter and Allen v. Perlmutter", "areas": [ "governance", "attribution-and-credit" ], "host_relation": "infrastructure", "record_type": "project", "question": "legal ownership: whether a work containing AI-generated material can be registered, and how much of it a human must have made", "evidence_kind": [ "registration guidance", "policy statement", "legal decision", "litigation record", "consultation record" ], "unit": "a document issued by or for the Office: a Part of the Report, a policy statement in the Federal Register, a Review Board or registration decision on a named work, a brief or court decision in a named case, a letter to Congress, or a recorded listening session", "record_object": "the copyright law and policy issues raised by AI, which the page names as including the scope of copyright in AI-generated works and the use of copyrighted materials in AI training; Part 1 addresses digital replicas, Part 2 the copyrightability of outputs created using generative AI, Part 3 generative AI training (pre-publication)", "record": { "keeps": "the Office's own guidance, reports and decisions on whether works containing AI-generated material can be registered, and on the registration claims of named applicants (SURYAST, Théâtre D'opéra Spatial, Zarya of the Dawn, A Recent Entrance to Paradise); Wikipedia (third party) states that the Office has declared works not created by a human author ineligible for copyright protection and that the courts in the District of Columbia upheld its refusal to register works generated solely by machines", "name": "not recorded: the saved page states no rule on pseudonymous, heteronymous, collective or absent names; the decisions it lists are titled by work", "holder": "the U.S. Copyright Office, a federal office whose footer links the Library of Congress; registration runs through its Registration Portal; the documents are public; terms of reuse are not stated on the saved page", "function": "human authorship as the condition of registration (Wikipedia, third party): AI-generated content beyond de minimis must be disclaimed in the application, and a claim whose applicant will not disclaim it cannot be registered; human selection, arrangement and coordination of AI outputs has been argued as sufficient human authorship for a composite work; works 'where the expressive elements are determined by a machine' remain uncopyrightable; the Office's own page records its decisions by work title" }, "method": "public listening sessions and webinars, a notice of inquiry in the Federal Register with public comment, a Report issued in Parts, a registration guidance policy statement, Review Board and registration decisions, briefs in litigation, letters to Congress", "coverage": { "geography": "United States", "period": "the initiative since early 2023 (launched March 16, 2023); earlier events in Winter 2020 and Fall 2021 and a Review Board decision of February 14, 2022 are listed" }, "count": { "value": "over 10,000 comments on the August 2023 notice of inquiry by December 2023; a Report in three Parts", "as_of": "the page as read 2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "Report Part 1, Digital Replicas (July 31, 2024)", "Report Part 2, Copyrightability (January 29, 2025)", "Report Part 3, Generative AI Training, pre-publication version (May 9, 2025)", "Copyright Registration Guidance for Works Containing AI-Generated Materials, 88 Fed. Reg. 16,190 (Mar. 16, 2023)", "Notice of Inquiry, 88 Fed. Reg. 59,942 (Aug. 30, 2023), over 10,000 comments by December 2023", "four registration decisions for AI-generated materials (2022 to 2023)", "the government's briefs and the decisions in Thaler v. Perlmutter, and a brief in Allen v. Perlmutter" ], "stated_limits": [ "the Report 'is being issued in several Parts'", "Part 3 is a pre-publication version: 'A final version of Part 3 will be published in the future, without any substantive changes expected in the analysis or conclusions'" ], "answers": [ "what the Office has published on the copyrightability of outputs created using generative AI, and when", "how the Office decided the registration claims for SURYAST, Théâtre D'opéra Spatial, Zarya of the Dawn and A Recent Entrance to Paradise", "what position the government took in Thaler v. Perlmutter through the appeal and the certiorari stage" ], "does_not_answer": [ "how the Office registers a work under a pseudonym or heteronym (not on the saved page)", "how courts outside the United States treat AI-generated works", "whether any particular unregistered work would be registered" ], "ls_reading": "The Office holds authorship for human authors and decides, claim by claim, how much of a work a human made, requiring the AI-generated part to be disclaimed; the saved page records its decisions by the work's title and says nothing on the name an author chooses. The archive reads it as the legal register of #940's civil-name regime (copyright attaching to legal names) and as the boundary where machine participation is attributed by subtraction: the machine's part is disclaimed and the human remainder is registered as the work's authorship.", "data_access": "public web pages and linked PDFs; announcements by NewsNet email; Federal Register versions of the policy statement and notice", "license": "not stated on the saved page", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "launched March 16, 2023; Parts 1 and 2 published in 2024 and 2025; Part 3 released in pre-publication on May 9, 2025, with a final version still to be published; the latest announcement on the saved page is dated January 29, 2025, and the latest letter to Congress December 16, 2024" }, "founded": "2023-03-16 (the initiative)", "version_and_time": { "initiative_launch": "2023-03-16", "guidance": "2023-03-16", "noi": "2023-08-30", "part_1": "2024-07-31", "part_2": "2025-01-29", "part_3_prepublication": "2025-05-09", "scotus_denial_as_of": "March 2026 (Wikipedia)", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a court: its registration and Review Board decisions are administrative, and the courts' decisions in Thaler v. Perlmutter are linked as litigation documents", "NOT a statute: the guidance is a policy statement and the Report a policy study", "NOT a statement on pseudonyms or heteronyms: the saved page has none", "NOT finished: Part 3 is a pre-publication version" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Since launching an initiative in early 2023, the Copyright Office has been examining the copyright law and policy issues raised by artificial intelligence (AI), including the scope of copyright in AI-generated works and the use of copyrighted materials in AI training." }, "noi_count": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "the Office published a notice of inquiry in the Federal Register in August 2023, which received over 10,000 comments by December 2023." }, "report_parts": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Office is issuing a Report in several Parts analyzing the issues, which will be published as they are completed and linked below." }, "part_1_2": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Part 1 was published on July 31, 2024, and addresses the topic of digital replicas. Part 2 was published on January 29, 2025, and addresses the copyrightability of outputs created using generative AI." }, "part_3": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "On May 9, 2025, the Office released a pre-publication version of Part 3 in response to congressional inquiries and expressions of interest from stakeholders. A final version of Part 3 will be published in the future, without any substantive changes expected in the analysis or conclusions." }, "launch": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "March 16, 2023 - Copyright Office Launches New Artificial Intelligence Initiative" }, "guidance": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Copyright Registration Guidance for Works Containing AI-Generated Materials" }, "guidance_fr": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Federal Register Version, 88 Fed. Reg. 16,190 (Mar. 16, 2023)" }, "noi_fr": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "NOI Federal Register Version, 88 Fed. Reg. 59,942 (Aug. 30, 2023)" }, "decisions": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Review Board decision on SURYAST (December 11, 2023) Review Board Decision on Théâtre D'opéra Spatial (Sept. 5, 2023) Registration Decision on Zarya of the Dawn (Feb. 21, 2023) Review Board Decision on A Recent Entrance to Paradise (Feb. 14, 2022)" }, "thaler": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Court of Appeals Decision Affirming Refusal of Registration" }, "thaler_cert": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "U.S. Brief in Opposition to the Petition for a Writ of Certiorari" }, "allen": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Allen v. Perlmutter U.S. Reply Brief and Response in Support of Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment" }, "listening_literary": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "April 19, 2023 – Literary Works, Including Software Listening Session (recording available)" }, "early_event": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Winter 2020 – Copyright in the Age of Artificial Intelligence" }, "congress": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "USCO Letter to Congress Providing Updates on its Artificial Intelligence Initiative (December 16, 2024)" }, "wipo_link": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "WIPO on Artificial Intelligence" }, "operator": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "U.S. Copyright Office 101 Independence Ave. S.E. Washington, D.C." }, "loc": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Library of Congress" }, "human_author_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The United States Copyright Office has declared that works not created by a human author, like this \"selfie\" portrait taken by a monkey , are not eligible for copyright protection." }, "de_minimis_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "For works using AI tools, the Copyright Office has made the test a different one i.e. whether there is no more than de minimis technological involvement." }, "allen_disclaim_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Allen is unwilling to disclaim the AI-generated material, the Work cannot be registered as submitted." }, "ai_assisted_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The Copyright Office further clarified in January 2025 that AI-assisted works where the creative expression of the human remains evident in the work can be copyrighted" }, "courts_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Both the federal and circuit courts in the District of Columbia have upheld the Copyright Office's refusal to register copyrights for works generated solely by machines" }, "scotus_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "the Supreme Court of the United States has denied hearing challenges to the Copyright Office's decision." }, "disclaim_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The Board finds that the Work contains more than a de minimis amount of content generated by artificial intelligence (\"AI\"), and this content must therefore be disclaimed in an application for registration." }, "machine_expressive_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "Works \"where the expressive elements are determined by a machine\" still remain uncopyrightable." }, "composite_wp": { "src": "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia", "basis": "third_party", "quote": "The basis for the copyright involved arguing that human-driven selection, arrangement, and coordination involved in the creative process on a single work constituted sufficient human authorship to merit the copyright." } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "wipo-frontier", "note": "the Office's page lists 'WIPO on Artificial Intelligence' among its Related Resources" }, { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "chatgpt-eating-the-world", "note": "Chat GPT Is Eating the World's home page lists a story headed 'US Copyright Office registers copyright of AI-generated image'" } ], "unchecked": [ "the Report's three Parts, the policy statement and the notice of inquiry themselves (linked; unsaved)", "the four registration decisions and the Thaler and Allen briefs and decisions (linked; unsaved; the court outcomes beyond the link titles are known here from Wikipedia, a third party)", "the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices (linked; unsaved)", "the Wikipedia page's further account of other jurisdictions, outside this row" ], "sources": { "copyright-office-ai--home": { "url": "https://www.copyright.gov/ai/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "2b1e8b6c8e7f964e97adc035857c86f1e46b9ae94029573a5d99f0c24903bd8b", "http": "200" }, "copyright-office-ai--wikipedia": { "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "7bd9785dfc31c6586850e387485fe75b4d4f7e8f3ea3f65d8799000581e2a2a9", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "gwu-dail", "name": "DAIL – The Database of AI Litigation", "aka": [ "DAIL", "the Database of AI Litigation" ], "url": "https://blogs.gwu.edu/law-eti/ai-litigation-database/", "operator": "the Ethical Tech Initiative, an interdisciplinary collaboration hosted on George Washington University's site (the page carries GW's footer: Contact GW, GW's Website Privacy Notice)", "kind": "database of ongoing and completed litigation involving artificial intelligence, with a companion database of issued opinions", "areas": [ "governance" ], "host_relation": "peripheral comparator", "record_type": "database", "question": "litigation: whether a dispute involving AI is on record from complaint forward (no authorship case was read)", "evidence_kind": [ "litigation record", "catalogue" ], "unit": "a case, entered from complaint forward, whether or not it generates a published decision; the companion database holds issued opinions", "record_object": "ongoing and completed litigation involving artificial intelligence and related topics, from algorithms used in hiring, credit and criminal sentencing decisions to generative AI training and AI companion liability", "record": { "keeps": "not recorded: the saved page describes the scope of cases; it names no parties, authors or works", "name": "not recorded", "holder": "the Ethical Tech Initiative on GW's site; access terms are not stated beyond GW's Terms of Use and Copyright links in the footer", "function": "not recorded: the saved page describes the scope of cases and names no parties, authors or works" }, "method": "cases entered from complaint forward, as soon as the operator learns of them; the database accepts suggestions (a Suggestions tab on the page)", "coverage": { "geography": "not stated on the saved page", "period": "ongoing and completed litigation; no start date stated" }, "count": { "value": "not stated in the saved source", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "a database of AI litigation with Scope, Guide, Credits and Suggestions tabs and search filters", "a companion database of issued opinions" ], "stated_limits": [ "'While still under development, it will continue to expand over time.'" ], "answers": [ "whether a known lawsuit involving AI is entered, and its course from complaint forward, including cases without published decisions (subject to its search, unread here)" ], "does_not_answer": [ "how a court ruled on AI authorship in any named case (no case was read here)", "the number of cases held or the jurisdictions covered (not on the saved page)", "anything about pseudonymous or heteronymous authorship" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads DAIL as a secondary legal strand: a docket-level record of disputes over AI from complaint forward, whose bearing on how authorship is made and attributed runs through whatever authorship cases it holds; the saved page shows none, and the practices the disputes concern lie outside its record.", "data_access": "a public web database with search filters (the database itself was not read)", "license": "not stated (footer links GW's Terms of Use and Copyright pages)", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the page states the database is still under development and will continue to expand; no founding or update date on the saved page" }, "version_and_time": { "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT limited to copyright or authorship: its scope runs from hiring, credit and sentencing algorithms to generative AI training and AI companion liability", "NOT a database of published decisions only: it covers cases from complaint forward; opinions sit in a companion database", "NOT complete by its own statement: it is still under development" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "The Database of AI Litigation presents information about ongoing and completed litigation involving artificial intelligence and related topics." }, "method": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "It covers cases from complaint forward - as soon as we learn of them - whether or not they generate published decisions." }, "scope": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "It is intended to be broad in scope, covering everything from algorithms used in hiring and credit and criminal sentencing decisions to generative AI training and AI companion liability." }, "companion": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "A companion database of issued opinions is available here ." }, "limit": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "While still under development, it will continue to expand over time." }, "operator": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We are an interdisciplinary collaboration: where law and ethics meet computer science and engineering, media and public affairs, and social entrepreneurship." }, "operator_name": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "DAIL – The Database of AI Litigation – Ethical Tech Initiative" }, "gw": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Contact GW" }, "tabs": { "src": "gwu-dail--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Scope Guide Credits Suggestions" } }, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "the database itself (its records, search filters, Scope, Guide and Credits tabs), which the saved page shows only as tab labels", "the companion database of issued opinions", "the Ethical Tech Initiative's About and Our Team pages (the saved text names no staff or school)" ], "sources": { "gwu-dail--home": { "url": "https://blogs.gwu.edu/law-eti/ai-litigation-database/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "0093afaa693252fb6b172df7246a9a286a89e91f65125e15c3e89a8730e387d4", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "chatgpt-eating-the-world", "name": "Chat GPT Is Eating the World", "aka": [ "ChatGPT is eating the world", "chatgptiseatingtheworld.com" ], "url": "https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/", "operator": "not named in the saved sources: the About page speaks as 'we'; a post on the home page speaks in the first person ('various individuals (myself included)'); it states it is not affiliated with OpenAI or other AI developers; a sister site, Claude Is Eating the World", "kind": "news site and set of trackers on AI developments, chiefly AI copyright and tort litigation ('AI copyright & tort litigation, tracked in real time')", "areas": [ "governance" ], "host_relation": "peripheral comparator", "record_type": "index", "question": "litigation tracking: which suits against AI companies the site has counted, when, and with what filings", "evidence_kind": [ "litigation record", "critical commentary" ], "unit": "a news post on a case or filing, usually with the complaint or order to download; and tracker entries (a case, a suit on a map, a plaintiffs' firm)", "record_object": "lawsuits against AI companies, chiefly copyright suits in the U.S. (with a world map), and tort, BIPA, data-center, web-scraping and AI-agent cases; an AI & Authorship Tracker is listed in its menus", "record": { "keeps": "not recorded as authorship: it keeps the record of suits against AI companies, with plaintiffs named in its posts (authors among them, as in a textbook authors' letter on the Bartz v. Anthropic settlement)", "name": "not recorded: the AI & Authorship Tracker named in its menus was not read", "holder": "the site's unnamed operator, on WordPress, with a Substack newsletter; no license stated", "function": "not recorded: the AI & Authorship Tracker and the opinion piece on authorship are unread; its posts name authors as plaintiffs over the use of their works" }, "method": "news-derived tracking of court filings and dockets, posted as stories with downloadable complaints and orders, and compiled into trackers, maps, a master list, a timeline and a master chart of claims; the author also writes opinion pieces and filed an amicus brief in the OpenAI MDL", "coverage": { "geography": "U.S. chiefly; a world map counts suits in the rest of the world", "period": "monthly archives from January 2023 to October 2026" }, "count": { "value": "157 copyright suits v. AI companies (the latest map story); the U.S. map block reads 148 suits in the U.S., last updated Oct. 8, 2026; the world map block reads 130 (100 U.S. + 30 rest of world), last updated April 5, 2026", "as_of": "the home page as read 2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "a map of copyright suits v. AI companies: total 157 in the latest story", "trackers: AI Copyright Case, AI Authorship, AI Tort Lawsuit, AI Data Center Lawsuits, BIPA Litigation, Web Scraping & AI Agents, Plaintiffs' Firms (beta)", "a Master List of Lawsuits v. AI (last updated Dec. 5, 2025) and a Master Chart of Claims (last updated Mar. 31, 2026)", "an opinion piece 'How courts should analyze authorship with AI'" ], "stated_limits": [ "the infographic of AI companies sued is 'In need of updating TBA'", "the Plaintiffs' Firms tracker 'is still in beta and we are fixing a few glitches'", "the amicus count is 'By my unofficial count'", "its trackers carry their own last-updated dates, which differ (the U.S. map at 148 and the latest map story at 157)" ], "answers": [ "which copyright and tort suits against AI companies the site has counted, and when it counted them", "the course of a named case as its posts report it, with the filed documents to download" ], "does_not_answer": [ "how any authorship question was decided (the AI & Authorship Tracker was not read)", "who runs the site (not named in the saved sources)", "a stable single total: its counts differ by tracker and date" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads it as optional legal commentary and tracking, where authors appear as plaintiffs over the use of their works in training; how authorship is made or attributed with AI sits in its AI & Authorship Tracker and its opinion piece, both unread here, and the site argues positions of its own (amicus briefs, opinion pieces).", "data_access": "free public website; downloadable complaints, orders and maps; a free Substack newsletter", "license": "not stated in the saved sources", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "posts through October 2026 (a hearing set for Oct. 30); the U.S. map updated Oct. 8, 2026; monthly archives from January 2023" }, "founded": "not stated; the archives begin January 2023", "version_and_time": { "us_map_updated": "2026-10-08", "world_map_updated": "2026-04-05", "master_list_updated": "2025-12-05", "master_chart_updated": "2026-03-31", "archives_from": "2023-01", "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT affiliated with OpenAI or the developers of the AI systems it discusses, by its own disclaimer", "NOT a neutral docket service: its author files amicus briefs and writes opinion pieces", "NOT an authorship registry: its record is of lawsuits", "NOT a single tracker: the row's object is the site's index of suits across its trackers, maps and posts" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We track the latest developments in AI. We view the advances in these AI technologies as one of the most significant transformations of society in the 21st century." }, "disclaimer": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "DISCLAIMER : We are not affiliated in any way with OpenAI, or the developers of other AI systems discussed." }, "sister": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Visit our sister site Claude Is Eating the World:" }, "tagline": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "AI copyright & tort litigation, tracked in real time." }, "authorship_tracker": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--about", "basis": "operator", "quote": "AI & Authorship Tracker" }, "count_157": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "We added 9 new lawsuits. The new total is 157 copyright suits v. AI companies." }, "us_map": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "last updated Oct. 8, 2026. Current total = 148 suits in U.S." }, "world_map": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "last updated April 5, 2026. Current total = 130 copyright suits = 100 in U.S. + 30 in rest of world." }, "master_list": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Master List of Lawsuits v. AI last updated Dec. 5, 2025." }, "master_chart": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Master Chart of Claims in Cases Last updated Mar. 31, 2026" }, "infographic": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "In need of updating TBA" }, "beta": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "This is still in beta and we are fixing a few glitches" }, "amicus": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "This week, various individuals (myself included) and entities have asked Judge Stein for leave to file amicus briefs in the OpenAI MDL litigation. By my unofficial count, 52 proposed amicus briefs were filed" }, "authors_plaintiffs": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Academic textbook authors voice concerns about their publishers seeking 85% cut of Bartz settlement distribution" }, "opinion": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Opinion: How courts should analyze authorship with AI" }, "usco": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "US Copyright Office registers copyright of AI-generated image" }, "hearing": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "sets 2d hearing to continue Daubert hearing on Oct. 30, 1 PM" }, "archives_start": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "February 2023 January 2023 Featured Articles" }, "newsletter": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Subscribe to our Free substack Newsletter" }, "wordpress": { "src": "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Powered by WordPress" } }, "relations": [ { "rel": "neighbour", "target": "copyright-office-ai", "note": "the home page lists a story headed 'US Copyright Office registers copyright of AI-generated image'" } ], "unchecked": [ "the AI & Authorship Tracker (named in the menus; unsaved)", "the opinion piece 'How courts should analyze authorship with AI' and the story on the Copyright Office registration", "the case trackers, maps and master list themselves", "the operator's name (not in the saved sources)" ], "sources": { "chatgpt-eating-the-world--about": { "url": "https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/about/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "d1d519f5940d767af4571d408aed99955ba14127f3b6056d51b1f751c3eee327", "http": "200" }, "chatgpt-eating-the-world--home": { "url": "https://chatgptiseatingtheworld.com/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "e2359288b14888f564bddacdacbcda8b5c4b1a5586ca7e8d633db62bb9764d39", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } }, { "slug": "authors-guild-human-authored", "name": "Human Authored Certification", "aka": [ "Human Authored", "Human Authored Database", "Human Author certification mark" ], "url": "https://authorsguild.org/human-authored/", "operator": "the Authors Guild", "kind": "certification: a project of the Authors Guild that lets an author certify that their book is created by a human, with a public database of certifications and a certification mark", "areas": [ "governance" ], "host_relation": "counterposition", "record_type": "policy", "question": "boundary assertion: whether an author has certified that a book's text was written by a human, on the Guild's definition", "evidence_kind": [ "certification", "catalogue" ], "unit": "a certification of one book title, with a Human Authored registration number, listed in the public database", "record_object": "books published in the United States whose authors certify that the text was written by a human and not generated by AI, minimal uses excepted", "record": { "keeps": "the author's own certification that a human wrote the text of a book, for any author with a book published in the United States who agrees to the licensing terms", "name": "not recorded on the saved page: the database is searchable by title, authors or registration number; the page does not say whether a certification may carry a pen name; non-members must verify their identity through a third-party service, members are exempt from that requirement", "holder": "the Authors Guild, under a licensing agreement each certifying author signs; free to Guild members (included in dues), $10 per title for non-members; certifications are listed in a public database", "function": "self-certification under licence: the author certifies that 'the text of the book was written by a human and not generated by AI', minimal uses excepted (spelling and grammar checks, research); every certifying author signs a licensing agreement; non-members verify identity through a third-party service; the certification covers the text and is listed by title, authors and registration number" }, "method": "author self-certification under a licensing agreement, through the Human Authored portal; identity verification through a third-party service for non-members", "coverage": { "geography": "books published in the United States", "period": "not stated on the saved page" }, "count": { "value": "not stated in the saved source", "as_of": "2026-11-01" }, "holdings": [ "a public database of Human Authored certifications, searchable by title, authors or registration number", "a certification mark with usage guidelines", "an announcement of the expanded program and FAQs (linked, unread)" ], "stated_limits": [ "'with the exception of minimal uses such as AI applications that check spelling and grammar or for research'", "available only to 'authors with books published in the United States who agree to the licensing terms'", "the certification covers 'the text of the book'" ], "answers": [ "whether a named book carries a Human Authored certification, and its registration number", "on what terms an author may certify a book (fee, identity verification, licensing agreement)" ], "does_not_answer": [ "whether a certified text was in fact written without AI (the record is the author's certification; no verification of the text is stated)", "whether an author may certify under a pen name or heteronym (not on the saved page)", "anything about books published outside the United States" ], "ls_reading": "The archive reads the certificate as an explicit counterposition that asserts authorship's boundary at the human writing of a text, admits machine participation only as 'minimal uses', and binds the non-member's claim to an identity check. It answers #1722's verdict of fakeness for a work with the author's own certification; where machine participation is constitutive of the work, its definition leaves no certifiable place, and the saved page does not say whether the certificate carries the name the author chose.", "data_access": "a public database for lookups; certification through the Human Authored portal (Guild login, or an account for non-members)", "license": "each certifying author agrees to the program's licensing terms (unread); the site is '© Authors Guild All Rights Reserved.'", "lifecycle": { "state": "active", "detail": "the page links an announcement of the expanded Human Authored program; no launch date on the saved page" }, "version_and_time": { "read": "2026-11-01" }, "negative_tags": [ "NOT a test or detection of AI text: it records the author's own certification", "NOT a copyright registration", "NOT limited to Authors Guild members: non-members may certify for $10 per title with identity verification", "NOT a certification of the whole book: it covers the text", "NOT the database alone: the row's object is the certification policy, whose public database and mark are parts of it" ], "evidence": { "self_description": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Human Authored is a project of the Authors Guild that allows an author to certify that their book is created by a human." }, "definition": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "“Human Authored” means that the text of the book was written by a human and not generated by AI, with the exception of minimal uses such as AI applications that check spelling and grammar or for research." }, "coverage": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Human Authored certification is available to all authors with books published in the United States who agree to the licensing terms." }, "membership": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Membership is not required but the $10/title fee and identity verification requirement are waived for Authors Guild members." }, "database": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Human Authored certifications are listed in a public database where anyone can verify a book’s human origins. You can search for a title, authors, or Human Authored registration number to see and confirm the certification details." }, "requirements": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Identity Verification Not required Required Cost Free! (included in dues) $10/title" }, "identity": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "You will have to verify your identity through a third-party service and pay a $10/title registration fee." }, "tagline": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Distinguish human creativity in an increasingly AI world." }, "expanded": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Announcement of the expanded Human Authored program" }, "mark": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Usage guidelines for the Human Author certification mark" }, "license": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "© Authors Guild All Rights Reserved." }, "licensing_required": { "src": "authors-guild-human-authored--home", "basis": "operator", "quote": "Licensing Agreement Required Required" } }, "relations": [], "unchecked": [ "the public Human Authored database (no lookup was run)", "the licensing agreement, the FAQs, the usage guidelines and the announcement of the expanded program (linked; unsaved)", "the program's launch date and the number of certifications (not on the saved page)", "any rule on pen names or pseudonyms (not on the saved page)" ], "sources": { "authors-guild-human-authored--home": { "url": "https://authorsguild.org/human-authored/", "read": "2026-11-01", "sha256": "719fb6415db6ce4d55269cc4029350404beece9134ef06756231b6b92855e8fc", "http": "200" } }, "observed": { "on": "2026-11-01", "fetch": "read" } } ] }